below:

Explanation:

Part 1: What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive sourcing? (12 marks)

Competitive and non-competitive sourcing are two distinct approaches to selecting suppliers for

procurement, each with different processes and implications. In the context of the CIPS L5M4

Advanced Contract and Financial Management study guide, these methods impact cost, supplier

relationships, and contract outcomes. Below is a step-by-step comparison:

Definition and Process:

Competitive Sourcing: Involves inviting multiple suppliers to bid for a contract through a formal

process (e.g., tendering, RFQs). Suppliers compete on price, quality, and other criteria.

Example: Issuing a tender for raw materials and selecting the supplier with the best offer.

Non-Competitive Sourcing: Involves selecting a supplier without a competitive bidding process, often

through direct negotiation or sole sourcing.

Example: Directly negotiating with a single supplier for a specialized component.

Key Differences:

Competition: Competitive sourcing drives competition among suppliers, while non-competitive

sourcing avoids it, focusing on a single supplier.

Transparency: Competitive sourcing is more transparent, with clear criteria for selection, whereas

non-competitive sourcing may lack visibility and increase the risk of bias.

Cost Focus: Competitive sourcing often secures lower prices through bidding, while non-competitive

sourcing prioritizes relationship or necessity over cost.

Time and Effort: Competitive sourcing requires more time and resources (e.g., tender management),

while non-competitive sourcing is quicker but may miss cost-saving opportunities.

Part 2: In which circumstances may a non-competitive sourcing approach be more appropriate? (13

marks)

Non-competitive sourcing can be more suitable in specific situations where competition is

impractical or less beneficial. Below are key circumstances:

Unique or Specialized Requirements:

When a product or service is highly specialized and only one supplier can provide it, non-competitive

sourcing is necessary.

Example: Sourcing a patented technology available from only one supplier.

Urgency and Time Constraints:

In emergencies or when time is critical, competitive sourcing’s lengthy process may cause delays,

making non-competitive sourcing faster.

Example: Sourcing materials urgently after a supply chain disruption (e.g., a natural disaster).

Existing Strategic Relationships:

When a strong, trusted relationship with a supplier exists, non-competitive sourcing leverages this

partnership for better collaboration and reliability.

Example: Continuing with a supplier who has consistently delivered high-quality materials.

Low Value or Low Risk Purchases:

For small, low-risk purchases, the cost of a competitive process may outweigh the benefits, making

non-competitive sourcing more efficient.

Example: Sourcing office supplies worth £500, where tendering costs exceed potential savings.

Exact Extract Explanation:

Part 1: Difference Between Competitive and Non-Competitive Sourcing

The CIPS L5M4 Advanced Contract and Financial Management study guide addresses sourcing

approaches in the context of strategic procurement, emphasizing their impact on cost and supplier

relationships. It describes competitive sourcing as "a process where multiple suppliers are invited to

bid," promoting transparency and cost efficiency, while non-competitive sourcing is "direct

engagement with a single supplier," often used for speed or necessity.

Detailed Comparison:

The guide highlights that competitive sourcing aligns with "value for money" by leveraging market

competition to secure better prices and terms. For example, a tender process might reduce costs by

10% through supplier bids.

Non-competitive sourcing, however, is noted as "less transparent" but "faster," suitable when

competition isn’t feasible. It may lead to higher costs due to lack of price comparison but can foster

stronger supplier relationships.

L5M4 stresses that competitive sourcing requires "formal processes" (e.g., RFQs, tenders), increasing

administrative effort, while non-competitive sourcing simplifies procurement but risks bias or

favoritism.

Part 2: Circumstances for Non-Competitive Sourcing

The study guide identifies scenarios where non-competitive sourcing is preferable, particularly when

"speed, uniqueness, or strategic relationships" outweigh the benefits of competition.

Unique Requirements: The guide notes that "sole sourcing is common for specialized goods," as

competition is not viable when only one supplier exists.

Urgency: L5M4’s risk management section highlights that "time-sensitive situations" (e.g.,

emergencies) justify non-competitive sourcing to avoid delays.

Strategic Relationships: The guide emphasizes that "long-term partnerships" can justify non-

competitive sourcing, as trust and collaboration may deliver greater value than cost savings.

Low Value Purchases: Chapter 2 suggests that for "low-value transactions," competitive sourcing may

not be cost-effective, supporting non-competitive approaches.

Practical Application: For XYZ Ltd (