A data model is an abstract, logical representation that organizes data elements and defines the relationships between them. A key function of data models, particularly conceptual and logical models like the Entity-Relationship (E-R) model, is to use graphical diagrams. These diagrams employ standardized symbols (e.g., boxes for entities, diamonds for relationships, ovals for attributes) to provide a clear, visual illustration of the database structure. This graphical nature makes complex data relationships understandable to various stakeholders, facilitating database design and communication.

A. Integration: This is a process of combining data from different sources into a unified view, not a graphical structure itself.

B. Structured query language: This is a text-based programming language used for querying and managing data in a database, not a graphical representation.

D. Relational database model: This is a specific type of data model based on tables (relations). While it can be visualized, "data model" is the broader term for the structure that uses graphics.

1. Chen

P. P. (1976). The entity-relationship model—toward a unified view of data. ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)

1(1)

9–36. In Section 2.2

"Entity-Relationship Diagram

" Chen introduces the graphical technique for representing entities and relationships

stating

"An E-R diagram can be used as a tool in the database design process." (p. 13). https://doi.org/10.1145/320434.320440

2. Silberschatz

A.

Korth

H. F.

& Sudarshan

S. (2020). Database System Concepts (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Chapter 7

"Database Design and the E-R Model

" explains that the E-R model is widely used for database design and is typically represented by E-R diagrams

which are a graphical notation.

3. Abiteboul

S.

Hull

R.

& Vianu

V. (1995). Foundations of Databases. Addison-Wesley. In Chapter 3

"The Entity-Relationship Model

" the authors state

"The ER model is a high-level data model that is very useful in the design of databases. A central aspect of the model is the ER diagram

which is a graphic representation of a database schema." (p. 35).