Forensic investigations rely on theproper collection, preservation, and documentationofboth physical

and digital evidenceto ensure their integrity and admissibility in legal proceedings. Digital evidence,

like logs, metadata, and encrypted data, must be properly stored and secured against tampering or

loss.Following the chain of custody is crucialto avoid contamination and legal challenges.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is a wireless communication technology used in mobile

networks. It allows multiple signals to occupy the same transmission channel, making

communication more efficient and reducing interference. CDMA is widely used in cellular and

satellite networks.

Reference: McAfee Institute CCII Manual, Cybersecurity Best Practices.

Hackers are classified based on theirintentions and legal boundaries:

White Hat Hackers– Ethical hackers who test security vulnerabilities legally.

Grey Hat Hackers– Operate between ethical and illegal hacking, sometimes violating lawsfor good

reasons.

Black Hat Hackers– Malicious hackers who break into systems for profit, theft, or harm.

Each type plays a role in cybersecurity, either inprotectingorexploitingdigital infrastructures.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII Cyber Threat Guide, Ethical Hacking Handbook.

Fraudsters manipulate feedback systems tocreate a false sense of trust, enabling them tosell more

products quickly and deceive buyers. They use multiplefake accounts,positive feedback loops,

andlow-value transactionstoinflate their credibilitybefore executinglarger fraud schemes. This

method is commonly used ine-commerce fraud, dark web marketplaces, and social media scams.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII Cyber Fraud Guide, Cyber Crime Investigator’s Field Guide.

Trojans aremalicious programsdisguised as legitimate software to perform unauthorized actions:

Remote Access Trojans (RATs)– Allow attackers to control a victim’s system.

Password Sending Trojans– Steal and send login credentials.

Keyloggers– Record keystrokes for stealing sensitive data.

Destructive Trojans– Damage or delete files.

DoS Attack Trojans– Overload servers with traffic.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII Cybersecurity Training, Black Hat Python.

Organized Retail Crime (ORC)refers tocoordinated theft ringsthat steal merchandise in bulk and resell

iton online platforms, black markets, and dark web marketplaces. These crimescause billions in

lossesfor retailers annually.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII Retail Crime Training, Cybercrime Encyclopedia.

Tactical intelligencefocuses onimmediate threats that require quick action. It is:

Directly shared with field officers, SWAT teams, and emergency responders.

Used in counterterrorism, cybercrime investigations, and rapid deployment operations.

Time-sensitive and specific to particular events or individuals.

Example: If anactive shooterorhacker targeting a critical infrastructureis detected, tactical

intelligence is used tomobilize security teams quickly.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII Tactical Intelligence Guide, National Intelligence Strategy Document.

Information sharing refers to the exchange of raw data among agencies or organizations. Intelligence

sharing, on the other hand, means processed and analyzed data that provides actionable insights. In

cyber intelligence investigations, intelligence sharing ensures that classified or sensitive data is

properly handled and disseminated to relevant stakeholders.

Reference: McAfee Institute CCII Official Guide, National Cybersecurity Workforce Framework.

Law enforcement intelligence refers to analyzing criminal patterns, suspects, and threats to enhance

policing strategies. It involves criminal profiling, cyber intelligence, counterterrorism measures, and

predictive analysis to prevent crimes before they occur.

Reference: McAfee Institute CCII Training Manual, Cyber Crime Investigator’s Field Guide.

Dogpileis ametasearch enginethat aggregates results frommultiple search engines, such as Google,

Bing, and Yahoo. It is widely used inOSINT investigationsbecause it:

Pulls results from multiple sources, reducing bias.

Finds hidden informationthat may not appear in standard searches.

Bypasses some search engine filtering restrictions.

Incorrect spelling (Dogpyle) is a typo and does not refer to a real OSINT tool.

Reference:McAfee Institute CCII OSINT Techniques, OSINT Handbook.