Free NPPE Practice Test Questions and Answers (2026) | Cert Empire Practice Questions

Professional engineering and geoscience associations (regulators) have jurisdiction only over their registered members. This includes practicing professionals, members-in-training, and other membership classes like retired or non-practicing members who choose to maintain their registration. Postgraduate students who are studying engineering or geoscience are governed by their academic institution's policies. They are not bound by the professional regulator's code of conduct or disciplinary processes unless they are concurrently registered with the association, for example, as a member-in-training. Therefore, they are not necessarily bound by the regulator.

A. Practicing professionals are fully licensed and are the primary group bound by the regulator's code of conduct and professional obligations.

B. Members-in-training are registered with the regulator and are explicitly bound by the same code of ethics as fully licensed members.

C. Retired, non-practicing members who maintain their registration status are still members of the association and are bound by its code of conduct.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson.

Chapter 3, Section 3.2 "Provincial and Territorial Associations," explains that the associations' authority extends to licensed members.

Chapter 3, Section 3.4 "Licensing," details the categories of membership, all of which fall under the association's jurisdiction.

2. Marston, D. L. (2019). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson.

Chapter 2, "Regulation of the Professions," clarifies that provincial acts regulate the practice and grant associations authority over their members.

The professional's paramount responsibility is to the public welfare, which includes protecting the environment. However, they also have a duty of fidelity to their client. The correct course of action balances these duties. The professional must fully and honestly inform the client of all findings, including significant environmental risks. Concurrently, they should apply their expertise to propose solutions, such as alternative methods, that mitigate these risks. This approach fulfills the duty to inform the client while upholding the primary ethical obligation to public and environmental safety. It empowers the client to make an informed decision based on a complete picture of both the opportunities and the risks.

A. The professional's role is to advise, not to unilaterally halt a project; this would overstep their authority.

B. Prioritizing the client's economic interests over public and environmental safety is a direct violation of the professional code of ethics.

D. This option incorrectly frames the duty to the client as ensuring economic potential is realized, ignoring the paramount duty to public welfare.

1. APEGS, Code of Ethics (Regulatory Bylaw 20(2)). Guideline 1 states that professionals shall "hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public and the protection of the environment."

2. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Chapter 5, pp. 90-92, discusses the "paramountcy principle," establishing that the duty to the public takes precedence over the duty to the client or employer.

3. Marston, D. L. (2019). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). Chapter 22, p. 428, discusses the hierarchy of duties, placing the duty to the public at the highest level.

Professionals must adhere to established codes and standards as they represent the minimum acceptable level of practice to ensure public safety. A deviation is only justifiable if it is based on sound professional judgment that the existing code is deficient, erroneous, or not applicable, and the deviation results in an equal or greater level of safety. Deviating from a code because it is viewed as "excessive" or to reduce costs for a client ("compromise their duty to client") is a violation of the paramount duty to protect the public. This subordinates public safety to a client's financial interests, which is unethical and unprofessional.

A. If a code's scope does not cover a specific design, it is not applicable, and deviation based on sound principles is necessary.

B. If a code is widely known to be deficient, adhering to it would be negligent; a professional must use a safer approach.

D. New research proving a standard is erroneous provides a strong, evidence-based reason to deviate in the interest of public safety.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 5, "The Role of Technical Societies, Codes, and Standards," pp. 88-90.

2. Marston, D. L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 11 discusses the standard of care, which includes following established codes unless there is a professionally sound reason to depart from them.

3. APEGS. (n.d.). Code of Ethics. The paramountcy of public safety would prohibit deviating from a safety standard for client-related cost or convenience reasons.

International law is founded on the principle of state sovereignty and consent. A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between states. It only imposes obligations on those states that have formally consented to be bound by its terms. This consent is typically expressed through a formal process called ratification. The principle pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt dictates that a treaty does not create obligations or rights for a third state without its consent. Therefore, a treaty's regulations apply exclusively to the signatory countries that have ratified it.

A. Treaties are not always irrevocable. Most modern treaties contain provisions for withdrawal or denunciation by a signatory state, subject to specific conditions and notice periods.

B. A treaty is binding only on the states that have ratified it; it does not automatically extend to their trading partners or any other non-signatory states.

C. In federal systems like Canada, the federal government signs treaties, but implementation may require provincial legislation if the subject matter falls under provincial jurisdiction.

1. Marston, D. L. (2018). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 26, p. 568.

2. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969. Article 2(1)(b) defines "ratification," and Article 34 establishes the general rule regarding third states.

3. Government of Canada. (n.d.). About Canada's Treaty-Making Process. Global Affairs Canada. Section: "Consent to be bound."

The professional's duty is to be competent in the work they undertake. Competence is acquired through a combination of education, training, and experience. By completing an extensive and specific design course, the professional has taken appropriate steps to gain the required knowledge and skills. Since they are confident in their ability, they have met the ethical requirement to ensure they are competent before accepting the assignment. Lifelong learning is a key professional obligation.

A. A professional's area of expertise is not static; it can be expanded through continuous learning and training. This statement is overly restrictive.

B. The professional is not misrepresenting their abilities, as they have actively acquired the necessary training to become competent in this specific area.

D. A professional cannot delegate their personal ethical and professional responsibility to their employer. The professional remains personally accountable for the work they approve.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Chapter 3, "Professional Practice," pp. 38-39. This chapter discusses the duty of competence and the role of continuing professional development in maintaining and expanding it.

2. APEGS. (n.d.). The Engineering and Geoscience Professions Act and Bylaws. Bylaw 14(2)(b) of the Code of Ethics states a member shall "undertake only work that they are competent to perform by virtue of their training and experience." The professional's recent training satisfies this requirement.

The duty to avoid unprofessional, dishonourable, or disgraceful conduct is fundamentally a duty to the profession. The actions of an individual professional reflect on the entire profession and can impact the public's trust and confidence in all its members. Codes of ethics include this requirement to maintain the collective reputation, dignity, and integrity of the profession. While such conduct may also breach duties to clients or colleagues, its primary classification relates to upholding the standing of the professional community as a whole.

A. The duty to oneself relates more to personal development and integrity, not specifically the public-facing reputation defined by this clause.

B. The duty to clients is more specific, covering competence, confidentiality, and acting as a faithful agent.

C. The duty to colleagues involves fairness, courtesy, and avoiding malicious injury to their reputation.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. (Chapter 3, Section 3.2, "The Code of Ethics," which outlines the various duties).

2. Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan (APEGS). (2020). The Engineering and Geoscience Professions Regulatory Bylaws. (Section 20(2)(i), Code of Ethics: "uphold and enhance the honour, integrity and dignity of the professions").

3. Engineers Canada. (n.d.). Public Guideline on the Code of Ethics. (Guideline 7, on maintaining the honour and prestige of the profession).

The fraudulent use of a professional seal is one of the most serious forms of professional misconduct. For a firm (a permit holder), the most severe disciplinary action a professional regulator can take is the revocation of its "Permit to Practice" or "Certificate of Authorization." This action effectively prohibits the firm from legally offering or providing professional services within the regulator's jurisdiction. Given the egregious nature of the misconduct, which involves fraud and misrepresentation, this ultimate sanction is a possible and the most severe outcome.

B. An additional practice review is a remedial or investigative measure, not the most severe punitive action available to the regulator.

C. The regulator's direct power is over the permit to practice engineering/geoscience, not a general order to cease all business operations.

D. Ordering payment for damages is typically a function of the civil courts. While a regulator can impose significant fines, revoking the right to practice is the more severe professional sanction.

1. The Engineering and Geoscience Professions Act of Saskatchewan, RSS 1997, c E-9.3. Section 31, "Discipline of firms." (Outlines the powers of the discipline committee, including the power to revoke the certificate of authorization).

2. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 3, "Regulation of the Professions," pp. 66-67. (Describes the range of disciplinary penalties, with revocation of license/permit being the most severe).

A professional seal on a design drawing signifies that a licensed professional has taken personal responsibility for the document's content. In Ontario, this means the document was prepared by, or under the direct supervision of, an individual holding a valid license from Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO) or the Ontario Association of Architects (OAA). The seal is a declaration of competence and accountability, confirming the work meets the required professional standards. It does not imply approval by the regulatory body itself, but rather by one of its licensed members.

B. Professional licenses are not automatically transferable between provinces; the seal is only valid for the jurisdiction in which the professional is licensed (Ontario, in this case).

C. The seal indicates professional responsibility by the licensee, not a formal review and approval of the specific document by the regulator (e.g., PEO).

D. Design drawings are typically site-specific. Re-using them on another site without a new professional review and sealing would be unprofessional and potentially dangerous.

1. Professional Engineers Ontario. (2019). Use of the Professional Engineer’s Seal. Guideline. Section 2.0, "Meaning of the Seal."

2. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 3, p. 59, "The Professional Seal."

3. Marston, D. L. (2018). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 19, pp. 468-469, "Sealing Documents."

To authenticate electronic evidence, courts in Canada rely on principles established in the Uniform Electronic Evidence Act. The primary method is to demonstrate the reliability and integrity of the electronic records system in which the document was created and stored. This approach focuses on the process rather than the individual document. Proving that the system is secure, operates properly, and has safeguards against alteration provides assurance that the resulting electronic document is authentic and has not been tampered with.

B. A signed letter may explain relevance but does not authenticate the document's integrity or prove it is what it purports to be.

C. Prior cases are about legal precedent, not the authentication of a specific piece of evidence in the current matter.

D. The potential success of using the evidence is irrelevant to the legal requirement of authenticating it before it can be admitted.

1. Uniform Law Conference of Canada. (1998). Uniform Electronic Evidence Act. Section 4(1). This act, adopted by many Canadian jurisdictions, explicitly states that the best evidence rule for an electronic record is satisfied by proof of the integrity of the electronic records system.

2. Marston, D.L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers, 5th Edition. Chapter 2, "The Canadian Legal System," pp. 26-27. This section discusses the admissibility of evidence, including the modern approach to authenticating electronic business records by verifying the system's reliability.

The paramount duty of a licensed professional is to the public's safety and welfare. Disregarding this can lead to disciplinary action, including license revocation, and legal action, such as negligence claims. All Canadian codes of ethics explicitly state that the duty to the public supersedes all other duties, including those to clients or employers. However, while pro bono (volunteer) work is encouraged as a form of public service, it is not a mandatory requirement or a defined component of the professional's primary duty to the public.

A. A disregard for public safety is a breach of the standard of care, which is a key element in a successful negligence claim.

C. Professional associations have the authority to suspend or revoke a license for professional misconduct, especially when public safety is compromised.

D. This is the cornerstone of all Canadian engineering and geoscience codes of ethics; the duty to the public is paramount.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 4, "Ethical Principles and the Code of Ethics," pp. 60-62, discusses the paramountcy of public protection.

2. Marston, D. L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 11, "Tort Liability," discusses the elements of negligence.

3. APEGS. (n.d.). Code of Ethics. The first tenet establishes the paramount duty to hold the public's safety, health, and welfare as the highest priority.

Intellectual property rights, including patents, are territorial. A patent granted by the Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO) provides the inventor with the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the invention only within the geographical borders of Canada. To secure patent protection in other countries, an inventor must apply for and be granted a patent in each of those specific jurisdictions. International treaties like the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) can simplify the application process in multiple countries, but they do not create a single, internationally enforceable patent.

A. Trade agreements like NAFTA (now CUSMA/USMCA) do not create a unified patent system; separate patents are required for Canada, the US, and Mexico.

B. North America consists of multiple sovereign countries, and a Canadian patent has no legal standing in the United States or Mexico.

C. International exchange agreements facilitate the process of applying for patents in other countries but do not extend the legal rights of a Canadian patent beyond Canada's borders.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 10, p. 218. (States that "Patents, trademarks, and industrial designs are territorial").

2. Canadian Intellectual Property Office. (2021). A Guide to Patents - Part I. Section: "What is a patent?". Retrieved from the Government of Canada website. (Explicitly states a Canadian patent provides rights only within Canada).

3. Samuels, B. M., & Sanders, D. R. (2015). Practical Law of Architecture, Engineering, and Geoscience (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada. Chapter 16, p. 318.

All provincial and territorial Codes of Ethics mandate that professional members act with integrity, honesty, and competence. This includes the duty to communicate information clearly, accurately, and truthfully. Misrepresenting or obscuring results, regardless of the audience's technical expertise, is a serious ethical breach. Professionals have an obligation to make complex information understandable to non-technical audiences without sacrificing accuracy, as this is crucial for informed decision-making and protecting the public interest.

A. The duty to act with fairness, courtesy, and good faith towards all persons is a standard tenet in all Codes of Ethics.

B. The duty to report illegal or unethical practices is a key component of self-regulation and upholding the profession's integrity.

C. Acting as a faithful agent to an employer or client is a fundamental duty, encompassing confidentiality and conflict of interest avoidance.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 19, pp. 268-271.

2. Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Alberta (APEGA). (2022). Code of Ethics. Guideline 1(e) on Competence requires members to "present clearly to employers and clients the consequences to be expected if their professional engineering or professional geoscience decisions or judgments are overruled or disregarded."

3. Professional Engineers Ontario (PEO). (1990). Professional Engineers Act, R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 941, Section 77. This section outlines the Code of Ethics, emphasizing duties of fairness, loyalty, and public welfare, which are contradicted by option D.

Professional codes of ethics universally mandate honesty, integrity, and accuracy in all professional dealings, including self-representation. When seeking new employment, a professional must present their qualifications, experience, and job history truthfully. Providing a detailed and factual description of a previous job on a résumé is the only ethical and justifiable option. This upholds the professional's duty of good faith to potential employers and maintains the integrity of the profession. Any form of misrepresentation is a violation of professional ethics and can lead to disciplinary action.

B. Any exaggeration, mild or otherwise, is a form of misrepresentation and is unethical for a professional.

C. Disclosing client financial information is a serious breach of the professional's duty of confidentiality.

D. Disclosing proprietary project information without permission is a breach of confidentiality and loyalty to a former employer.

1. Andrews, G.C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics, 6th Edition. Chapter 2, "The Professional Engineer and Geoscientist," pp. 30-32. This chapter discusses the code of ethics, emphasizing the paramount duties of honesty and integrity.

2. APEGS. (2020). Regulatory Bylaws. Section 20(2)(b). The APEGS Code of Ethics requires members to "act with fairness, courtesy and good faith toward all," which precludes any form of misrepresentation on a résumé.

Professional engineering and geoscience regulators are self-governing bodies established by provincial and territorial statutes. Their primary mandate is to protect the public interest by regulating the practice of their respective professions. The disciplinary process is a core function of this mandate, providing a legal framework to investigate complaints and, if warranted, impose penalties on their own registered members (e.g., P.Eng., P.Geo., members-in-training) for professional misconduct, incompetence, or unskilled practice. This authority is strictly limited to those who are registered with that specific association.

A. A regulator has no jurisdiction over the general public; criminal or civil matters are handled by the justice system.

C. A regulator's disciplinary authority is limited to its own registrants. It cannot directly discipline a member of another province's association.

D. Damage to a regulator's reputation by a member of the public would be a civil matter (e.g., defamation), not a professional disciplinary one.

1. The Engineering and Geoscience Professions Act of Saskatchewan. Part V, "Discipline," Sections 27-39, details the entire process for investigating and disciplining the association's own members.

2. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 2, "Regulation of the Professions," pp. 28-30, describes the role of the associations, including their disciplinary function over their membership.

3. Engineers Canada. (2023). Regulation of the Engineering Profession in Canada. This document outlines that the authority of each provincial/territorial regulator is granted by legislation and applies to its licensees.

The application of a professional's seal or stamp to a document is a formal declaration of professional responsibility. It signifies that the professional has personally prepared the work or has exercised direct supervision and control over its preparation. By sealing the document, the professional attests that the work meets the required standards of the profession and accepts personal, professional, and legal accountability for its technical content. It is the ultimate confirmation that a qualified professional takes ownership of the work and is answerable for it to the client, the public, and the regulatory body.

A. While a thorough review is necessary, the seal's meaning is the formal acceptance of responsibility, which is a much stronger commitment.

B. The seal indicates adherence to professional standards, not a guarantee of absolute perfection or accuracy; it signifies professional judgment was used.

D. Direct supervision is a prerequisite for sealing a document, but the act of sealing itself is the acceptance of responsibility, not just a statement of supervision.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 3, p. 68, states, "The professional's seal on a document indicates that he or she takes responsibility for it."

2. Association of Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of Saskatchewan (APEGS). (2020). Guideline for Use of Professional Seal. Section 2.1 states, "The seal is a mark of reliance and an indication that a professional member has accepted professional responsibility for the document."

3. Marston, D. L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers, Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 4, p. 78, discusses that the seal signifies that the professional takes responsibility for the design.

Professionals are ethically and legally responsible for the work they perform or directly supervise. By guaranteeing the work of another party, a professional assumes liability for that work without having the necessary control or direct knowledge to ensure it meets the required professional standard of care. It is difficult, if not impossible, to verify that the other party has followed all appropriate procedures, codes, and quality controls. This act of guaranteeing work outside one's direct supervision creates an unacceptable level of risk and potential liability for negligence or breach of contract, should the work prove to be deficient.

A. "Bankability" is a financial term; the core professional issue is the inability to ensure the work meets the required standard of care.

B. This is vague; the fundamental problem is the assumption of liability for work that the professional did not control or supervise.

D. A guarantee typically exposes the professional to payments to a client or third party for damages, not payments to the party whose work was guaranteed.

1. Marston, D. L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 5, pp. 76-78, discusses the standard of care and the basis for tort liability, which is tied to the professional's own actions or supervision.

2. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 4, p. 85, discusses taking responsibility for one's work, implying work under one's control.

3. Samuels, B. M., & Sanders, D. R. (2011). Practical Law of Architecture, Engineering, and Geoscience (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada. Chapter 7 discusses professional liability and the importance of direct supervision and control over any work for which a professional takes responsibility.

An expert witness is a person who, by virtue of education, training, skill, or experience, is believed to have specialized knowledge in a particular subject beyond that of the average person. The primary duty of an expert witness is not to the party who hired them but to the court. Their role is to provide impartial and objective opinions on matters within their expertise to assist the court in understanding the evidence or determining a fact in issue. This duty to provide unbiased assistance to the court overrides any obligation to the person from whom they receive instructions or payment.

A. The role of an expert witness is to be impartial and assist the court, not to act as an advocate or "hired gun" to defend a client.

B. This definition is too narrow. Expert witnesses can come from any field, not just engineering or geoscience, and their role is to provide opinion, not just confirm/disprove testimony.

C. Determining legal culpability is the ultimate function of the judge or jury; the expert's opinion is evidence to assist them in making that determination.

1. Marston, D. L. (2018). Law for Professional Engineers: Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 6, pp. 100-101.

2. Samuels, B. M., & Sanders, D. R. (2015). Practical Law of Architecture, Engineering, and Geoscience (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada. Chapter 23, p. 338.

3. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. Chapter 4, p. 91.

A sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business structure, owned and run by one individual with no legal distinction between the owner and the business. This structure is subject to the fewest government regulations. Unlike corporations, there are no requirements for annual meetings, a board of directors, or complex record-keeping and reporting. The owner simply reports business income and losses on their personal tax return. This simplicity and freedom from the regulatory and administrative burdens associated with partnerships and corporations make it an attractive option for many small businesses and independent consultants.

B. A sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity; the owner and the business are legally one and the same.

C. The required capital depends on the nature of the business, not the legal structure; many sole proprietorships are started with minimal capital.

D. The business has poor continuity and legally ceases to exist upon the death or retirement of the owner.

1. Marston, D. L. (2016). Law for Professional Engineers, Canadian and Global Insights (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Chapter 10, pp. 218-219, describes the sole proprietorship as the "simplest form of business organization" with minimal legal formalities.

2. Samuels, B. M., & Sanders, D. R. (2015). Practical Law of Architecture, Engineering, and Geoscience (3rd Canadian ed.). Pearson Canada. Chapter 11, p. 218, notes the ease of formation and minimal regulation.

3. University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business. (n.d.). Courseware on Business Structures. "Sole Proprietorships," notes the lack of formal legal process to create and the minimal regulatory burden.

An Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) is a due diligence process conducted to identify existing or potential environmental contamination on a property. Its primary goal is to assess environmental conditions and liabilities associated with the land, often before a real estate transaction. A Phase I ESA involves records review and a site visit to identify potential concerns, while a Phase II ESA involves sampling and testing to confirm the presence and extent of contamination. The ESA is fundamentally an investigative tool for risk and liability management.

A. This describes a Remedial Action Plan (RAP), which is a plan to clean up a site after an ESA has identified contamination requiring remediation.

C. This describes an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), a broader study evaluating the potential effects of a proposed project on the environment.

D. While an ESA's findings heavily influence development potential, its direct purpose is to assess environmental liability, not to evaluate development options.

1. Andrews, G. C. (2019). Canadian Professional Engineering and Geoscience: Practice and Ethics (6th ed.). Nelson. (Chapter 13, p. 299, "Environmental Site Assessment").

2. Canadian Standards Association. (2016). CSA Z768-01 (R2016): Phase I Environmental Site Assessment. This standard defines the principles and procedures for conducting a Phase I ESA, focusing on identifying potential contamination and liability.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) legislation across Canada grants workers three fundamental rights: the right to know about workplace hazards, the right to participate in health and safety decisions, and the right to refuse unsafe work. Requesting a risk assessment (A), reporting concerns to OHS representatives (C), and refusing dangerous tasks (D) are all exercises of these protected rights. Reporting the situation to the media is not a protected right under OHS law. The proper procedure involves internal reporting, followed by reporting to the designated government OHS agency if the issue is not resolved.

A. This action falls under the "right to know" about workplace hazards and the measures in place to mitigate them.

C. This action falls under the "right to participate" in workplace health and safety by raising concerns through proper channels.

D. This is a direct exercise of the fundamental "right to refuse" work that the employee has reasonable grounds to believe is dangerous.

1. Government of Saskatchewan. The Saskatchewan Employment Act, Part III, Occupational Health and Safety. Sections 3-5 to 3-10 outline the duties to inform, and Sections 3-31 to 3-35 outline the right to refuse dangerous work.

2. Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS). (2022). OHS Legislation in Canada - Basic Responsibilities. This official resource outlines the three basic rights of workers, which do not include reporting to the media.