Invitation to Tender (ITT) is prescribed by public-sector procurement regulations (e.g., EU Directive 2014/24/EU; UK Public Contracts Regulations 2015) as the standard way contracting authorities invite competitive bids above threshold values. Private-sector organisations more often issue RFPs or RFQs, while ITTs remain predominantly a public-sector tool to ensure transparency, equal treatment and auditability.

1. European Parliament & Council. “Directive 2014/24/EU on Public Procurement”

Art. 47-54 (invitation to tender requirements). Official Journal L94

2014.

2. UK Cabinet Office. Public Contracts Regulations 2015

Regs. 53-56 (setting out mandatory ITT stage).

3. Arrowsmith

S. “The Law of Public and Utilities Procurement”

3rd ed.

Vol. 1

ch. 9

pp. 327-331 (Oxford Univ. Press

2014).

4. Thai

K. V. “Public Procurement: Concepts and Practices”

ch. 5

pp. 123-126 (Springer

2017).

5. Murray

J. “Public Procurement Strategy for Accelerating the Economic Recovery”

Journal of Public Procurement

10(3)

pp. 288-290 (https://doi.org/10.1108/JOPP-10-03-2010).