The fundamental distinction between pure and speculative risk lies in their potential outcomes. A pure risk presents only the possibility of a loss or no loss, with no opportunity for financial gain. Examples include natural disasters, accidents, or property damage. Conversely, a speculative risk is undertaken voluntarily with the prospect of either a gain or a loss. Financial investments, business ventures, and gambling are classic examples of speculative risks where the outcome can be positive, negative, or neutral.

A. The cause is not the defining characteristic; a pure risk can be caused by human error (e.g., an accident), and a speculative risk can be influenced by environmental factors (e.g., weather affecting crop futures).

B. Both pure and speculative risks can often be analyzed and measured using probability. Actuarial science measures pure risks, while financial modeling assesses speculative risks.

C. Both types of risk can be subject to regulatory control. For example, workplace safety regulations address pure risks, while securities and exchange commissions regulate speculative financial risks.

1. Hopkin, P. (2018). Fundamentals of Risk Management: Understanding, Evaluating and Implementing Effective Risk Management (5th ed.). Kogan Page. In Chapter 1, "Introduction to risk management," the text distinguishes between pure risk (downside risk) and speculative risk (upside and downside risk), stating, "Pure risk is associated with the possibility of a loss or no loss... Speculative risk is associated with the possibility of a gain or a loss." (p. 12).

2. Redja, G. E., & McNamara, M. J. (2017). Principles of Risk Management and Insurance (13th ed.). Pearson. Chapter 1, "Risk and Its Treatment," defines pure risk as "a situation in which there are only the possibilities of loss or no loss" and speculative risk as "a situation in which either profit or loss is possible." (p. 6).

3. University of Texas at Austin, McCombs School of Business. (n.d.). Risk Management and Insurance: Module 1 - The Problem of Risk. In this courseware, pure risk is defined by the outcomes of loss/no loss, while speculative risk is defined by the outcomes of loss/gain. This distinction is presented as a foundational concept in risk classification. (Section: "Classification of Risk").