Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Reference to IIA Standards:

Standard 2410 - Criteria for Communicating: Internal audit reports must provide relevant and

constructive information, including recommendations for improvement.

Recommendations focused on reducing risk exposure align with the purpose of internal auditing:

improving governance, risk management, and controls.

Reasoning:

Option B is correct because providing recommendations aimed at reducing risk exposure directly

addresses the organization’s strategic and operational vulnerabilities, adding significant value.

Option A (confirmation of efficient controls) ensures reliability but does not proactively improve risk

management or processes.

Option C (deficiencies remedied during the audit) is informative but lacks the forward-looking impact

of targeted recommendations.

Adding Value through Recommendations:

Internal audit recommendations guide management in addressing critical risks, improving

operational efficiency, and enhancing organizational resilience.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Trend Analysis: This technique identifies patterns or shifts in performance by analyzing data over

time. It is particularly effective for tracking metrics like revenue, expenses, or production volumes

across reporting periods to spot anomalies or trends.

Reference: The IIA Practice Guide on Analytical Procedures emphasizes trend analysis as a key tool

for understanding performance over time.

Other Options:

Ratio Analysis: Useful for comparing relationships between financial metrics but less effective in

visualizing performance changes over time.

Common Size Financial Statements: Focuses on comparing line items as a percentage of a base

amount, better suited for cross-sectional analysis (e.g., benchmarking).

Thus, the correct answer is A. Trend Analysis.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Reference to Audit Recommendations:

According to the IIA Standards, a recommendation must be actionable, specific, and designed to

address the root cause of an identified issue.

Reasoning:

Option B is correct because effective recommendations focus on preventing recurrence by

addressing root causes or implementing control measures.

Option A (factual evidence) supports findings but does not constitute the recommendation itself.

Option C (factors allowing the condition) provides context for findings but does not include

actionable measures to resolve or prevent the issue.

Key Components of a Recommendation:

Recommendations should propose practical solutions to mitigate risks, improve processes, or

enhance controls.

Measures to prevent recurrence align with the goal of sustainable improvements.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Lost Payment Discounts: By paying all invoices after 30 days, regardless of terms, the organization

risks losing early payment discounts offered by vendors, leading to poor cash management.

Reference: IIA Practice Guide on Control Activities highlights the importance of adhering to payment

terms to optimize cash flow.

Other Options:

Option B: Fraudulent invoice risks arise from weak verification processes, but the primary issue here

relates to missed discounts.

Option C: Paying the wrong vendors is less likely tied to the observation about standard payment

timing.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Resource Sufficiency: Ensuring that the internal audit team has sufficient staff with the appropriate

expertise is the foundational step in resource planning for an engagement.

Reference: IIA Standard 2230: Resource Allocation requires determining the sufficiency of resources

before initiating an engagement.

Other Options:

Option B: Technology requirements are secondary considerations after staffing needs are assessed.

Option C: Travel costs are logistical details addressed later in planning.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Reference to IIA Standards:

Standard 2130 - Control: Internal audit must evaluate and contribute to the improvement of

governance, risk management, and control processes.

Designing or operating controls (Options A and B) risks impairing internal audit independence

(Standard 1100).

Reasoning:

Option C aligns with internal audit's role of evaluating internal controls objectively.

Option A could involve a management function, which compromises independence.

Option B focuses on monitoring, a management responsibility, and does not leverage internal audit’s

evaluative expertise.

Best Practice:

By evaluating controls, internal auditors provide actionable insights that help improve control

effectiveness and efficiency without compromising independence.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Reference to Engagement Risk Assessment:

Definition: Engagement risk assessment evaluates specific risks relevant to the engagement and

identifies controls or mitigations.

Standard 2210.A1: Internal auditors must consider significant risks to objectives, focusing on their

likelihood and impact.

Reasoning:

Option C is correct because it aligns with assessing significant risks and ensuring they are mitigated

to acceptable levels.

Option A (ensuring all risks are addressed) is impractical since auditors prioritize significant risks

within resource constraints.

Option B focuses on prioritizing risks but does not encompass the broader purpose of addressing

their impact or mitigation.

Importance of Risk Assessment:

It ensures that the audit focuses on high-impact risks, aligning resources with the organization’s risk

management framework.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Control Self-Assessment (CSA): This tool involves management and staff in evaluating controls and

risks, fostering collaboration between operational teams and internal audit. CSA supports shared

responsibility for risk management and control improvement.

Reference: IIA Practice Guide on Control Self-Assessment highlights its role in enhancing

communication and coordination.

Other Options:

Option A: Automated workpapers improve audit documentation but do not directly coordinate

efforts with management.

Option B: Continuous auditing focuses on ongoing monitoring rather than collaborative efforts with

management.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Definition of Sampling Techniques:

Judgmental Sampling: A nonrandom method where the auditor uses their professional judgment to

select items expected to be representative of the population.

Haphazard Sampling: A nonrandom approach without systematic methodology, relying on arbitrary

selection.

Attribute Sampling: A statistical sampling method used to test for specific attributes or characteristics

in a population.

Reasoning:

Option A is correct because judgmental sampling intentionally selects items based on the auditor’s

knowledge and expectations, aiming for representation.

Option B (haphazard sampling) lacks intentionality and may not reliably represent the population.

Option C (attribute sampling) involves random, statistical selection rather than a nonrandom process.

When to Use Judgmental Sampling:

It is appropriate when the auditor has sufficient expertise to select representative items and when

statistical sampling is not feasible.

Comprehensive and Detailed Step-by-Step Explanation:

Risk Assessment in Planning: Conducting a risk assessment typically follows documentation of the

process, as understanding the process provides the necessary context for identifying and evaluating

risks.

Reference: IIA Standard 2210: Engagement Objectives highlights the importance of risk assessment

in defining engagement objectives.

Other Options:

Option A: Resource allocation happens after risk assessment determines the scope and focus of the

engagement.

Option B: Determining objectives usually occurs after assessing risks.

Thus, the correct answer is C.