Light pipes, also known as Tubular Daylighting Devices (TDDs), are the most effective solution for this scenario. They are specifically engineered to capture sunlight via a rooftop dome, transport it through a highly reflective tube (even around bends), and then spread it evenly into an interior space through a diffuser. This system design inherently separates the intense, direct source of light from the occupied space, resulting in well-distributed, diffused light with minimal glare. The collector domes are often designed to optimize light capture from various sun angles, providing more consistent illumination throughout the day and across different seasons compared to other methods.

A. Skylights: Often allow direct sun penetration, which creates significant glare, "hot spots" of intense light, and unwanted solar heat gain, failing the "minimal glare" and "balanced" criteria.

C. Side lights: Provide highly uneven light distribution, with brightness concentrated near the window that diminishes rapidly deeper into the room, and are a common source of direct glare.

D. Clerestories: While better than standard windows for deep daylight penetration, they are still a form of direct-gain fenestration and can produce significant glare and contrast if not carefully designed with external shading.

1. Grondzik

W. T.

Kwok

A. G.

& Rajkovich

N. B. (2022). Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for Buildings (13th ed.). Wiley.

In Chapter 11

"Lighting

" the text describes Tubular Daylighting Devices (TDDs) as systems that use a diffuser to provide "uniform

high-quality

glare-free illumination." It contrasts this with traditional skylights

where controlling direct sun and glare is a primary design challenge.

2. Karlen

M.

& Benya

J. (2012). Lighting Design Basics (2nd ed.). Wiley.

In Chapter 4

"Daylighting

" the authors explain that tubular skylights (light pipes) "provide diffuse top light without the potential for direct sun and glare associated with skylights

" making them suitable for spaces where glare control is critical.

3. Li

D. H. W.

& Tsang

E. K. W. (2008). An analysis of the vertical daylight illuminance characteristics for tubular light guide systems. Building and Environment

43(4)

526-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.01.031

This peer-reviewed study highlights the performance of light pipes

noting that the diffuser at the end of the system is key to providing uniform illuminance distribution

which is a core requirement for balanced

glare-free daylighting.