Solution-dyeing, also known as dope-dyeing, is a process where pigment is added to the liquid polymer solution before the synthetic fiber is extruded. This method locks the color in as an integral part of the fiber itself, rather than applying it to the surface. Consequently, it yields the highest possible level of colorfastness against fading from light, washing, and crocking (rubbing). Because the fiber is created with the color already inside, it is non-porous, making it inherently resistant to stains as there are no open dye sites for staining agents to bond with.

A. Yarn-dyeing: Color is applied after fibers are spun into yarn. While offering good colorfastness for patterns, it is less permanent and offers less inherent stain resistance than solution-dyeing.

B. Piece-dyeing: Color is applied to woven or knitted fabric. This is a surface-level application with the lowest color penetration and fastness, making it more susceptible to fading.

D. Stock- or fiber-dyeing: Color is applied to loose fibers before they are spun. It provides good fastness but is still a topical application and is considered inferior to solution-dyeing.

1. Kadolph

S. J. (2017). Textiles (12th ed.). Pearson. In Chapter 10

"Color and Finish

" the section on "Solution Dyeing" states

"Because the color is part of the fiber

it is permanent... Solution-dyed fibers have excellent colorfastness to light

washing

crocking (rubbing)

perspiration

and bleach." (p. 218).

2. Sarkar

A. K.

Johnson

I.

& Cohen

A. C. (2013). J.J. Pizzuto's Fabric Science (11th ed.). Fairchild Books. In Chapter 5

"Color and Finishing

" the text describes solution dyeing: "This method... provides colorfastness that is superior to any other form of dyeing." (p. 87).

3. Wilson College of Textiles

North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Dyeing and Printing. Textile Technology Courseware (PCC 105). The course materials explain the hierarchy of dyeing stages

identifying solution dyeing (pre-fiber formation) as the method that provides the most integral and permanent coloration

contrasting it with later-stage dyeing methods like yarn and piece dyeing.