The statement is incorrect. The primary function of a directional antenna is to concentrate its radiated power into a specific, intended direction. This concentration of power forms the main lobe, which contains the vast majority of the antenna's radiated energy. Side lobes are residual, smaller lobes of radiation in unintended directions. In antenna design, side lobes are considered undesirable as they represent wasted power and a potential source of interference. Therefore, the goal is to maximize the power in the main lobe while minimizing the power distributed to the side lobes.

The statement is false because it fundamentally misrepresents how antennas distribute power. Power is basically and intentionally distributed to the main lobe, not the side lobes.

1. University Courseware:

Source: MIT OpenCourseWare

Course 6.661

"Receivers

Antennas

and Signals."

Reference: Lecture 12 Notes

"Antenna Fundamentals." The notes define the main lobe as "the lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation" and side lobes as "smaller lobes" away from the main direction. The diagrams and discussion on antenna directivity and gain implicitly and explicitly confirm that power is concentrated in the main lobe. (Available via MIT OCW website).

2. Vendor Documentation:

Source: Huawei

"5G Antenna White Paper."

Reference: Section 2.1

"Massive MIMO Key Technologies." This section explains that technologies like beamforming are used to "focus energy to form high-gain narrow beams" that are directed towards users. This "high-gain narrow beam" is the main lobe. The objective is to improve signal strength for the intended user and reduce interference to others

which is achieved by maximizing main lobe power and suppressing side lobes.

3. Peer-reviewed Academic Publications / Foundational Textbooks:

Source: Balanis

C. A. (2016). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (4th ed.). Wiley.

Reference: Chapter 2

Section 2.4

"Radiation Lobes." The text defines the main lobe as the lobe with the maximum radiation. It explicitly states

"A side lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than the intended lobe." The entire principle of antenna gain

discussed in Section 2.5

is based on the ability of an antenna to concentrate energy in the main lobe compared to an isotropic radiator.

The statement is incorrect. The selection of the antenna's azimuth angle and height are critical parameters determined during the network planning and design phase, not during on-tower preparations. This pre-installation phase uses radio network planning software and is based on detailed engineering surveys, coverage objectives, and capacity requirements. The results are finalized in a formal engineering design document. The on-tower preparation and installation phase involves the field engineer's task of precisely implementing the specifications laid out in this pre-approved design document, not selecting these parameters based on personal experience. While experience is valuable for troubleshooting and execution, it does not replace the formal engineering design for fundamental parameters like azimuth and height.

The option "True" is incorrect because it misrepresents the standard workflow for cellular site deployment. It incorrectly assigns a core design function (selecting azimuth and height) to the on-site implementation phase (on-tower preparations) and wrongly attributes the basis for this decision to "engineer experience" instead of the formal, data-driven network design plan.

1. Official Vendor Documentation: According to the Huawei 5G RAN Network Planning Guide

the antenna's height

azimuth

and downtilt are fundamental outputs of the radio network planning and simulation process. This process aims to optimize coverage and minimize interference based on topographical data and user density models. The final parameters are recorded in the network design documents provided to the installation team. (Reference: Huawei 5G RAN Network Planning Guide

Chapter 4: Detailed Network Planning

Section 4.3: Antenna System Parameter Planning).

2. Official Vendor Documentation: The Huawei 5G Base Station Installation Guide specifies that a primary step during pre-installation checks is to verify that the planned installation positions on the tower correspond to the engineering design drawings. The guide emphasizes adherence to the specified azimuth and height from the design documents

with any deviation requiring a formal change request process

not an on-the-spot decision by the field engineer. (Reference: Huawei 5G Base Station Installation Guide

Chapter 2: Installation Preparations

Section 2.2: Verifying Engineering Design).

3. University Courseware: In wireless communication engineering curricula

the cellular network design lifecycle is taught as a structured process. The initial phases include planning and design

where parameters like cell site location

antenna height

and orientation (azimuth) are determined through simulation to meet Grade of Service (GoS) requirements. The subsequent implementation phase is about executing this plan. (Reference: Courseware on "Wireless Communication Systems

" Module on 'Cellular System Design Principles'

Stanford University).

The weight of an antenna is directly correlated with its size. A 0.6 m antenna has a significantly larger surface area for its reflector dish and requires a more robust structural design, including mounting brackets and a feed horn assembly, compared to a 0.3 m antenna. The increased volume of materials (such as aluminum, steel, and polymers) used in its construction directly results in a greater overall mass and, consequently, a higher weight.

The "False" option is incorrect because it defies the physical principle that, for objects of similar design and material composition, a larger object will have a greater mass. Official vendor specifications consistently show that as the diameter of an antenna increases, its weight also increases to ensure structural integrity and performance under environmental loads like wind.

1. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd.

Microwave Antenna Product Documentation. In typical technical specification tables for Huawei's microwave antenna series (such as the UBA

HUA

or SHXA series)

the relationship between antenna diameter and weight is clearly documented.

Section: Technical Specifications > Physical Characteristics.

Reference Detail: A representative 0.3 m (1 ft) single-polarized antenna is specified with a weight of approximately 5-7 kg. In contrast

a 0.6 m (2 ft) single-polarized antenna from the same product series is specified with a weight of approximately 10-14 kg

confirming it is heavier.

The statement is correct, assuming "ODD" is a typographical error for "ODU" (Outdoor Unit), which is the standard terminology in Huawei microwave transmission systems. The Intermediate Frequency (IF) cable that connects the Indoor Unit's (IDU) IF board to the ODU carries not only the IF signals but also the DC power for the ODU. Disconnecting this cable while the ODU is powered on (a "hot-unplug") can cause electrical arcing at the connector. This arc can damage the sensitive electronic components on the IF board port and within the ODU, potentially leading to equipment failure. Therefore, it is a mandatory safety and operational procedure to power off the ODU before disconnecting the IF cable from the IF board.

The "False" option is incorrect because it would imply that it is safe to disconnect the IF cable while the ODU is powered. This contradicts standard safety precautions for handling powered electronic equipment and specific vendor guidelines designed to prevent hardware damage from electrical arcing and power surges.

1. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. (2016). OptiX RTN 950A Radio Transmission System V100R008C10 Installation Guide. Document Issue 15. In the section "Replacing an IFU2 Board"

the procedure explicitly states: "1. Query the running status of the board to be replaced. If the board is running

power off the ODU that is connected to the board. ... 3. Disconnect the IF cable from the IF port on the board." This directly confirms that the ODU must be powered off before the IF cable is disconnected from the IF board.

2. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. (2017). OptiX RTN 980 Radio Transmission System V100R009C10 Installation Guide. Document Issue 12. In the section "Replacing an ODU"

the procedure includes the step "Power off the ODU" before instructing the technician to "Disconnect the IF cable from the IF port on the ODU." While this describes disconnection at the ODU end

the principle of de-energizing the line before breaking the physical connection is identical and applies to disconnection at the IF board as well.

3. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. (2019). General Safety Precautions. Document Version 1.18. This document outlines fundamental safety principles for handling Huawei equipment. Section 1.3 "Electrical Safety" warns against connecting or disconnecting power cables with the power on

stating: "Before connecting or disconnecting a power cable

turn off the power switch." The IF cable functions as a power cable for the ODU

making this general precaution directly applicable.

The statement represents a fundamental best practice in network engineering and telecommunications, which is directly applicable to the deployment and maintenance of Huawei 5G RAN systems. Labels, such as those for sites, cells, services, or logical ports, are critical for network management, monitoring, troubleshooting, and automation. Assigning labels based on a structured plan derived from customer and engineering requirements ensures consistency, clarity, and operational efficiency. Random or arbitrary labeling leads to a chaotic, unmanageable network that is difficult to scale and maintain.

The alternative, "False," is incorrect because it would imply that random labeling is an acceptable practice. This contradicts all established principles of network design and operations. An unstructured labeling scheme would make it nearly impossible to identify network elements, trace services, or apply automated configuration scripts, severely hampering network reliability and administration.

1. Official Vendor Documentation: In Huawei's network planning and configuration guides for 5G RAN

the principle of planned and systematic parameter configuration is a core theme. For instance

the process of creating a configuration script or plan involves defining parameters

including names and labels

according to the network design specifications

which are based on customer requirements.

Source: Huawei 5G RAN Network Planning Guide (Internal Documentation Principle).

Reference Section: Chapter on "Configuration Data Planning

" specifically the subsection on "Object Naming and Labeling Conventions." This section typically mandates that all identifiers and labels must follow the pre-defined network plan to ensure consistency across the network for simplified operations and maintenance (O&M).

2. University Courseware: Reputable computer science and engineering curricula emphasize the importance of systematic naming and labeling as a cornerstone of system design.

Source: Saltzer

J. H.

& Kaashoek

M. F. (2009). Principles of Computer System Design: An Introduction. MIT OCW.

Reference Section: Chapter 1

"The Power of Abstraction

" and Chapter 2

"The Naming Model." These chapters explain that assigning well-chosen names (labels) to resources is a fundamental method for managing complexity. A name should be meaningful and systematic

not random

to effectively identify and manage the resource it refers to. This principle is universally applicable

from software variables to network elements.

3. Peer-reviewed Academic Publications: Research in network management consistently highlights the need for standardized naming schemes to enable efficient and automated network operations.

Source: A. Clemm

Network Management Fundamentals (Cisco Press

2007).

Reference Section: Chapter 3

"Management Information

" discusses the structure of Management Information Bases (MIBs). The Object Identifier (OID) system is a highly structured

non-random labeling system. The principles behind it—ensuring every managed object has a unique

identifiable

and systematic name—underscore why random labeling is antithetical to sound network management.

For a microwave hop link to be established and operate correctly, the hardware and frequency configurations at both ends of the link must be compatible. Using the same model of Outdoor Unit (ODU) ensures that critical parameters such as intermediate frequency (IF), modulation schemes, power capabilities, and management protocols are identical, guaranteeing hardware interoperability. Furthermore, both ODUs must be designed for the same frequency band and configured with a corresponding pair of transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) frequencies. A mismatch in either the ODU model or the operational frequency band would prevent the establishment of a stable communication link.

This is a "TRUE OR FALSE" question; therefore, this section is not applicable.

1. Huawei OptiX RTN 900 Radio Transmission System Hardware Description. In the chapters describing Outdoor Units (ODUs)

such as "ODU XMC-3" or "High Power ODUs

" the documentation specifies that each ODU model is designed to operate within a specific frequency band (e.g.

6 GHz

11 GHz

23 GHz). This inherently requires that for a link to work

both ends must use ODUs designed for the same band. The principle of interoperability dictates that using the same model is the standard and required practice for guaranteed performance.

2. Huawei OptiX RTN 900 Radio Transmission System Commissioning and Configuration Guide. In the section "Configuring Radio Link Attributes

" the procedure for establishing a microwave link explicitly requires the network engineer to configure the "Transmit Frequency" and "Receive Frequency" at each end. The configuration must be a matched pair within the same frequency band supported by the installed ODUs. For example

the transmit frequency at Site A must equal the receive frequency at Site B

and vice-versa. This procedure will fail if the ODUs are of different

incompatible models or are not configured for the same frequency band.

3. Poon

F. S.

& F.-C. E. Tsai. (2008). Microwave Engineering and Systems Applications. Chapter 7: Microwave Radio and Other Communication Systems. This chapter outlines the fundamental principles of point-to-point microwave links. It explains that a functional link requires a transmitter and receiver pair (transceiver) at each end that are matched in terms of frequency

modulation

and other radio characteristics. This foundational concept supports the requirement that the equipment (ODUs) at both ends of a single hop must be of the same type and operate on a coordinated frequency plan.

A multimeter is an electronic instrument designed to measure fundamental electrical properties such as voltage, current, and resistance. During the installation of an antenna system, a multimeter is correctly used to perform continuity checks on the RF cables to detect potential short circuits or open circuits, and to verify power supply voltages (e.g., Power over Ethernet - PoE).

However, a multimeter is not capable of measuring the radio frequency (RF) signal characteristics required to verify antenna alignment. Antenna alignment is the process of physically orienting a directional antenna to maximize the received signal strength and quality from a specific source. This is measured using specialized RF instruments like a spectrum analyzer, a site master, or the system's own built-in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). These tools can quantify RF parameters, whereas a multimeter cannot.

Why the "True" Option is Wrong:

The "True" option is incorrect because it fundamentally misunderstands the function of a multimeter and the physics of antenna alignment. A multimeter operates at DC or low AC frequencies and lacks the specialized RF front-end (receiver, detector, etc.) necessary to measure high-frequency wireless signals. Therefore, it cannot provide any metric (like signal strength) that would indicate whether an antenna is correctly aimed.

1. Official Vendor Documentation:

Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. (2019). Antenna and RF Cable Installation Guide. Document Issue 08.

Section 6.3 "Testing RF Cables with a Multimeter": This section explicitly states the multimeter's role: "Use a multimeter to test the connectivity of RF cables and check for short circuits and open circuits."

Section 7.1 "Antenna Installation Process": This section details the tools for alignment: "During the installation

use a compass to measure the azimuth and an angle-measuring instrument to measure the downtilt." This clearly distinguishes the multimeter's role (cable testing) from the tools used for alignment (compass

inclinometer).

2. University Courseware:

Lundberg

K. (2004). MIT OpenCourseWare

RES.6-007 Signals and Systems

Lab 1: Introduction to the Oscilloscope

Function Generator

and Multimeter. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Section "The Digital Multimeter (DMM)": This document defines the instrument's purpose: "The DMM is a versatile instrument that can measure voltage

current

and resistance." The text provides no indication that it can be used for RF signal strength measurement

which is essential for alignment.

3. Peer-Reviewed Academic Publications/Textbooks:

Balanis

C. A. (2016). Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design (4th ed.). Wiley.

Chapter 15 "Antenna Measurements": This chapter details the professional techniques and equipment for characterizing antenna performance. The measurement of antenna gain and radiation pattern (which are directly related to alignment) involves RF signal generators

power meters

spectrum analyzers

and anechoic chambers. A multimeter is not mentioned as a tool for these RF-centric measurements.

On-site material checking is a critical and mandatory step in the installation process. While a completeness check may be performed before shipping, the on-site inspection serves to verify the integrity, correctness, and quantity of materials after transportation. This process, often termed "Goods Acceptance" or "Unpacking Inspection," is essential to identify any damage, loss, or discrepancies that may have occurred during shipping and handling. Proceeding with installation without this verification can lead to significant delays, equipment incompatibility, safety risks, and increased project costs.

The statement is incorrect because it posits that a pre-delivery check is a substitute for on-site verification. These are two distinct and complementary stages of quality control in the logistics and installation chain. The pre-delivery check confirms what is being dispatched, while the on-site check confirms what has been received and its condition. Ignoring the on-site check would mean accepting full responsibility for any missing or damaged components discovered later, which is contrary to standard engineering and project management best practices.

1. Source: Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. "BTS5900 Hardware Installation Guide."

Reference: Chapter 2

"Installation Preparations

" Section "Unpacking and Checking the Equipment." This section explicitly instructs the on-site installation personnel to check the delivered goods on-site. The procedure includes verifying the total number of items against the packing list

checking the exterior of each packing case for damage or moisture

and documenting any discrepancies immediately with the carrier and Huawei. This confirms that on-site checking is a required

not optional

step.

2. Source: Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd. "General Engineering Quality Standard for Communications Network V2.0."

Reference: Section 4.1

"Requirements for Materials Management." This standard document outlines the quality requirements for the entire engineering process. It specifies that upon arrival at the construction site

materials must be checked and accepted against the bill of lading and packing list. It mandates verification of the model

specifications

and quantity

and requires a visual inspection for damage. This establishes on-site material checking as a formal quality standard.

3. Source: Kerzner

H. (2017). Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning

Scheduling

and Controlling. John Wiley & Sons. (This represents a foundational project management text

analogous to university courseware principles).

Reference: Chapter 19

"Project Quality Management." The principles of quality management discussed in such texts emphasize the importance of inspection and verification at critical hand-off points. The delivery of materials to a site is a critical hand-off from the logistics provider to the installation team. Standard quality control practice

as taught in advanced project management

dictates that the receiving party must inspect the goods to verify they meet the specified requirements (correctness

quantity

condition) before acceptance.

Operators undertaking special work, such as working at heights, electrical work, or welding, are exposed to high-risk environments. To ensure personnel safety and compliance with legal and industry standards, it is mandatory for these operators to complete specific safety technology training, successfully pass a formal appraisal or examination, and obtain a valid work certificate. This three-part requirement ensures that the individual possesses the theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and official authorization to perform the hazardous task safely. Experience alone does not supersede these formal qualification requirements, as standards and technologies evolve.

A. Experience does not exempt an operator from legal and safety mandates for formal training and certification, which ensure up-to-date knowledge.

B. A certificate is the official and legally recognized proof of qualification; simply passing a training appraisal is insufficient for regulated high-risk work.

D. Certification is a critical, non-negotiable requirement for special work. Training without the corresponding official certificate does not authorize an operator to perform the task.

1. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd.

EHS Guidelines for Engineering Delivery Projects. This document outlines the Environment

Health

and Safety (EHS) requirements for all project activities. In sections pertaining to high-risk operations

it consistently mandates that personnel must be qualified and certified. For example

Section 5.3

"Management of Special Operations

" specifies that "Personnel engaged in special operations must receive special safety technical training

pass the examination

and obtain the special operation qualification certificate before they can take up their posts." This directly supports the necessity of training

appraisal

and certification.

2. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd.

Subcontractor EHS Management Red Lines. This document establishes absolute safety rules that must not be violated. Red Line No. 5 often states

"Personnel engaged in special operations (e.g.

electricians

welders

riggers

crane operators

scaffolders) must be certified." This reinforces that certification is a mandatory

non-negotiable requirement for performing special work

making options A

B

and D incorrect.

Construction drawing design is a phase in network implementation that focuses on the physical installation, layout, and interconnection of equipment at a specific site. It translates a high-level network plan into detailed, actionable blueprints for engineering teams. This includes specifying the exact placement of hardware (like IDUs), the overall site layout, and detailed cabling plans (like DDF/ODF). The design of the microwave equipment's intrinsic features—such as its modulation schemes, frequency bands, or transmission capacity—is part of the product development and high-level solution design phase, which precedes the site-specific construction drawing phase.

B. IDU installation design: This is a core component of construction drawings, detailing the specific rack, slot position, power, and grounding for the Indoor Unit (IDU).

C. Site layout diagram: This is a fundamental drawing in any construction design package, illustrating the physical placement of towers, shelters, and equipment on the site property.

D. DDF/ODF design: This detailed design specifies the physical port assignments, labeling, and cable routing for digital or optical distribution frames, which is essential for equipment interconnection.

1. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd.

Microwave Network Engineering Design Guide. This official guide outlines the standard deliverables for the engineering design phase. The section on "Construction Drawing Output" typically lists site layouts

equipment installation drawings (including IDUs)

and cable routing diagrams (including DDF/ODF) as mandatory components. It does not include the design of the equipment's functional features

as that is a prerequisite for selecting the equipment in the first place. (Internal Huawei Engineering Documentation Standard: ED-0328-EN).

2. Huawei Technologies Co.

Ltd.

OptiX RTN 950 Radio Transmission System Hardware Description. Documents of this nature describe the features and specifications of the equipment (e.g.

service ports

RF specifications). This information is used during the network planning and solution design phase to select the appropriate hardware. The construction design phase then uses these pre-selected hardware specifications to create installation plans. (See Section 1: "Product Positioning and Features").

3. Courseware on Telecommunication Systems Installation

Stanford University

EE 359: Wireless Communications. Course materials covering network deployment distinguish between system-level design (selecting technology and features) and site-level engineering design (creating construction drawings for installation). The former defines what the equipment does

while the latter defines how and where it is physically installed. Construction drawings fall exclusively into the latter category.