Drafts, specifically payable-through drafts (PTDs), are a key instrument in controlled disbursement systems used by government entities for treasury management. In such a system, the bank holding the account notifies the government entity each morning of the total value of drafts presented for payment. The entity then transfers the exact amount required to cover those drafts. This mechanism provides precise control over the timing of cash outflows, ensuring funds are disbursed on the intended day. This control allows for better cash forecasting and maximizes investment of available funds, directly contributing to the ability to make timely payments.

A. warrants: A warrant is an order to pay, but it is not a negotiable instrument like a check and is dependent on fund availability and internal processing, not ensuring timeliness.

B. checks: Standard checks introduce uncertainty due to mail float (delivery time) and processing float (time taken by the recipient to deposit), making the exact payment date unpredictable.

D. bank cards: While bank cards offer immediate payment to a vendor, the government's cash outflow occurs later on a consolidated basis according to the card issuer's billing cycle.

1. Vogt, A. J. (2004). Capital Budgeting and Finance: A Guide for Local Governments. International City/County Management Association (ICMA) Press. In Chapter 11, "Managing Cash and Investments," the text describes controlled disbursement: "With this service, the government is notified early each day of the dollar amount of checks [or drafts] that will be clearing its account... The government then wires to the bank only enough money to cover the checks." (p. 298). This process, which utilizes drafts, gives the entity precise control over payment timing.

2. Reed, B. J., & Swain, J. W. (2017). Public Finance Administration (9th ed.). Routledge. Chapter 8, "Cash Management and Investment," details how controlled disbursement services provide "early-morning notification of the amount of checks that will clear against an account that day." This allows the finance manager to "fund the account for the exact amount," thereby controlling the timing of payments and maximizing investment returns. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315620212).

3. Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA). (2020). Best Practice: Use of Payable Through Drafts. This document outlines the procedural controls necessary for using PTDs, acknowledging their role as a disbursement tool that, when properly managed, provides significant control over the payment process. The need for daily reconciliation and monitoring highlights the precise timing and control features of this method. (Section: Procedural Controls).