The primary distinction lies in their roles within the network stack. LoRa is the physical layer (Layer 1) technology, defining the method of radio wave modulation. It uses a proprietary Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technique to achieve long-range, low-power communication. LoRaWAN is the protocol that operates on top of the LoRa physical layer. It defines the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer of the Data Link Layer (Layer 2), specifying the network architecture, communication procedures, device classes, and data frame formats for secure communication between end-devices, gateways, and network servers.

A. Both LoRa and LoRaWAN operate using Radio Frequency (RF) in the sub-GHz ISM bands, not light-based communications.

C. LoRaWAN is a MAC/Data Link Layer (Layer 2) protocol, not a Transport Layer (Layer 4) protocol, which handles end-to-end connections like TCP/UDP.

D. This is incorrect. LoRa is the local RF link between the end-device and a gateway. The LoRaWAN architecture uses the internet for backhaul from the gateway.

1. LoRa Alliance®, "LoRaWAN® 101: A Technical Introduction," Version 1.0, February 2020.

Page 6, Section "LoRa vs. LoRaWAN": "LoRa is a wireless modulation for long-range, low-power, low-data-rate applications. LoRa is the physical layer... LoRaWAN is a MAC protocol for high capacity, long-range, low-power, star-architecture networks. LoRaWAN is the MAC layer." This directly supports that LoRa is the physical layer modulation and LoRaWAN is the MAC layer protocol.

2. Haxhibeqiri, J., De Poorter, E., Moerman, I., & Hoebeke, J. (2018). "A Survey on LoRa for IoT: Research Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities." IEEE Access, 6, 63338-63362.

Page 63339, Section II.A: "LoRa is a proprietary modulation format owned by Semtech... It is a physical layer (PHY) technology that enables extremely long-range communication links... LoRaWAN is a MAC protocol built on top of LoRa." This academic source confirms the OSI layer distinction between the two. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2871869)

3. Adelantado, F., Vilajosana, X., Tuset-Peiro, P., Martinez, B., Melia-Segui, J., & Watteyne, T. (2017). "Understanding the Limits of LoRaWAN." IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(9), 34-40.

Page 35, Section "LoRa/LoRaWAN Technology": "LoRa is a physical layer technology... LoRaWAN is a medium access control (MAC) layer protocol built on top of LoRa." This peer-reviewed article explicitly separates LoRa as the physical layer and LoRaWAN as the MAC layer protocol. (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2017.1600613)