The question asks which characteristic is least likely to cause safety-related issues for an AI system.

Let's evaluate each option:

Non-determinism (A): Non-deterministic systems can produce different outcomes even with the

same inputs, which can lead to unpredictable behavior and potential safety issues.

Robustness (B): Robustness refers to the ability of the system to handle errors, anomalies, and

unexpected inputs gracefully. A robust system is less likely to cause safety issues because it can

maintain functionality under varied conditions.

High complexity (C): High complexity in AI systems can lead to difficulties in understanding,

predicting, and managing the system's behavior, which can cause safety-related issues.

Self-learning (D): Self-learning systems adapt based on new data, which can lead to unexpected

changes in behavior. If not properly monitored and controlled, this can result in safety issues.

Reference:

ISTQB CT-AI Syllabus Section 2.8 on Safety and AI discusses various factors affecting the safety of AI

systems, emphasizing the importance of robustness in maintaining safe operation.