Single-task fine-tuning optimizes a model for a narrow data distribution and a specific objective. This high degree of specialization often leads to overfitting on the target task, causing the model to lose some of the general-purpose capabilities acquired during pre-training. Consequently, its ability to generalize to new, unseen tasks is diminished. In contrast, multi-task fine-tuning exposes the model to diverse tasks simultaneously. This process acts as a form of regularization, encouraging the model to learn more robust and transferable representations that are useful across different domains, thereby enhancing its generalization performance.

A. Model version management is an operational (MLOps) challenge applicable to both single and multi-task fine-tuning, not a primary challenge inherent to the single-task method itself.

C. This is generally incorrect. Fine-tuning is valued for its data efficiency. Single-task fine-tuning does not inherently require more data than multi-task fine-tuning to achieve high performance on its specific task.

D. This describes "catastrophic forgetting," which is a valid concern. However, the primary comparative advantage of multi-task learning is its superior generalization to new tasks, making the lack thereof the main challenge for single-task tuning.

1. Ruder

S. (2017). An Overview of Multi-Task Learning in Deep Neural Networks. arXiv:1706.05098. In Section 2

"How multi-task learning works

" the paper states

"MTL improves generalization by leveraging the domain-specific information contained in the training signals of related tasks... By learning tasks in parallel

the model can learn a representation that is shared among them... For this reason

MTL is often considered a form of regularization." This supports the idea that single-task learning lacks this generalization benefit.

2. Raffel

C.

Shazeer

N.

Roberts

A.

Lee

K.

Narang

S.

Matena

M.

... & Liu

P. J. (2020). Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. Journal of Machine Learning Research

21(140)

1-67. Section 3.3 discusses multi-task pre-training

noting that combining diverse tasks helps the model achieve better generalization

a benefit not fully realized when fine-tuning on a single

narrow downstream task.

3. Stanford University. (2023). CS224N: Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning

Winter 2023 Lecture 12: Pretraining and Transfer Learning. In the discussion on fine-tuning

the lecture notes explain that fine-tuning on a small

single-task dataset risks overfitting

whereas multi-task learning helps the model learn more general features

improving performance on out-of-domain or unseen tasks.