The question requires ranking risk controls based on the established "Hierarchy of Controls," a fundamental principle in safety and quality engineering. The most effective controls are engineering controls that eliminate or isolate the hazard, followed by administrative controls that rely on human behavior.

1. Design Change (2): This is the most effective control. It is a proactive engineering control that aims to design out the hazard from the product or process, fundamentally eliminating or reducing the risk at its source.

2. Safety Devices (1): These are also engineering controls (e.g., guards, interlocks) but are typically added to an existing design to protect against a hazard. They are less effective than designing the hazard out completely.

3. Training (3): This is an administrative control. It relies on worker behavior and memory, making it the least effective of the three options as it does not physically remove or contain the hazard.

A. 1,2,3: This option incorrectly ranks safety devices as more effective than fundamental design changes.

B. 1,3,2: This option incorrectly places an administrative control (training) as more effective than an engineering control (design change).

D. 2,3,1: This option incorrectly places an administrative control (training) as more effective than an engineering control (safety devices).

1. The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook

4th Edition. ASQ Quality Press. Chapter 15

"Risk Management

" Section: "Risk Control/Mitigation

" pp. 216-217. The text states

"The most effective controls are engineering controls that are part of the design of the process or product... Less effective are administrative controls

which rely on procedures and human performance." This supports ranking design changes and safety devices (engineering) above training (administrative).

2. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2023). Hierarchy of Controls. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy. This official source establishes the hierarchy as: Elimination

Substitution

Engineering Controls

Administrative Controls

and PPE. It explicitly places "redesigning equipment" (a design change) as an engineering control and "training" as an administrative control

with engineering controls being more effective.

3. Goetsch

D. L.

& Davis

S. B. (2014). Quality Management for Organizational Excellence: Introduction to Total Quality (7th ed.). Pearson. Chapter 18

"Safety

Health

and the Environment

" Section: "Hazard Analysis/Prevention

" discusses the hierarchy of controls

prioritizing engineering controls over administrative controls like training for hazard mitigation.