An effective Identity and Access Management (IAM) program focuses on ensuring that the right individuals have the appropriate access to technology resources. Its core components are designed to establish and verify identity, enforce access policies, and ensure accountability. These components include unique user IDs to trace actions to a specific person, credentials (like passwords or tokens) to authenticate that identity, and policies that establish user responsibility for safeguarding access. Demographics, which are statistical data about populations (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender), are not a functional component of an IAM framework for granting or denying access to systems. Using such data for access control is irrelevant to security principles and could lead to discriminatory and unethical practices.

B. Unique user IDs: This is a foundational principle of IAM. Unique identifiers are essential for non-repudiation and accountability, ensuring actions can be traced to a single, known individual.

C. User responsibility: This is a critical administrative control. Policies defining user responsibilities for password protection and appropriate use are a cornerstone of a secure IAM environment.

D. Credentials (e.g., password): Credentials are the primary mechanism for authentication—the process of verifying a user's identity. They are a necessary and fundamental part of any IAM system.

1. IAPP

Privacy Program Management: Tools for Managing Privacy Within Your Organization

3rd ed.

2021. Chapter 4

"Privacy in Technology

" discusses the importance of access controls as a key technical measure to protect data. It emphasizes managing user access based on roles and responsibilities (Principle of Least Privilege)

which relies on unique identities and secure authentication

not demographic data.

2. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)

Special Publication 800-53

Revision 5

Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations

September 2020. The Access Control (AC) family of controls

particularly AC-2 (Account Management)

mandates the use of individual accounts (unique IDs) to ensure accountability. It makes no provision for using demographics as an access control factor. (See page 101).

3. ISO/IEC 27002:2022

Information security

cybersecurity and privacy protection — Information security controls. Control 5.16

"Identity management

" states that "The full lifecycle of identities should be managed." This lifecycle is based on unique identifiers assigned to individuals or systems

not their demographic characteristics. Control 5.17

"Authentication information

" details requirements for managing credentials like passwords.