The Belmont Report was published in 1979 by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was created by the U.S. National Research Act of 1974. This foundational document establishes the three core ethical principles that guide human subjects research in the United States: Respect for Persons, Beneficence, and Justice. These principles form the ethical framework for the federal regulations (45 CFR 46) governing research funded or conducted by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

A. The Nuremberg Code: This code was established in 1947 as a result of the Nuremberg trials of Nazi doctors and was not created by the U.S. National Commission.

B. The Declaration of Helsinki: This is a statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects, developed and maintained by the World Medical Association (WMA).

C. The ICH Guidelines: The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines are international standards, not a product of the U.S. National Commission.

1. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). The Belmont Report. Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP). Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/regulations-and-policy/belmont-report/index.html. (The introductory summary explicitly states: "The Belmont Report was written by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.")

2. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Research Involving Human Subjects Course. "Module 1: History and Ethical Principles." Retrieved from https://oir.nih.gov/sourcebook/ethical-conduct/special-protections-specific-populations/research-involving-human-subjects. (This courseware details the creation of the National Commission and its mandate to produce the Belmont Report.)

3. Faden, R. R., & Beauchamp, T. L. (1986). A History and Theory of Informed Consent. Oxford University Press. (Chapter 6, "The National Commission: Process and Principles," provides a detailed historical account of the commission's work and the development of the Belmont Report's principles.)

4. Adashi, E. Y., Walters, L. B., & Menikoff, J. A. (2018). The Belmont Report at 40: Acknowledging Its Enduring Legacy and Enduring Challenge. JAMA, 320(16), 1635–1636. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.12556 (This peer-reviewed article reaffirms that the Belmont Report originated from the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.)