Database normalization is the process of organizing the data in a database to reduce redundancy and

improve integrity, consistency, and performance1. Database normalization rules are based on the

concept of normal forms, which are levels of database design that meet certain criteria2. One of the

most common normal forms is the third normal form (3NF), which states that a table should not have

any transitive dependencies, meaning that a non-key attribute should not depend on another non-

key attribute3. In the CustomerOrder entity, the set of attributes that will need to be normalized to

avoid redundancies are ProductName and ProductQuantity, as they are non-key attributes that

depend on another non-key attribute, Orderld. This means that the same product information may

be repeated for different orders, which could lead to data inconsistency, duplication, or update

anomalies. To normalize this set of attributes, a separate table should be created for the OrderDetails

entity, which would have Orderld, ProductName, and ProductQuantity as its attributes, and Orderld

and ProductName as its composite primary key.

The other sets of attributes do not need to be normalized to avoid redundancies, as they do not

violate the 3NF. CustomerPhone and ProductName are non-key attributes that depend on the

primary key, Customerld and Orderld respectively, which is allowed by the 3NF. Orderld and

ProductName are part of the composite primary key of the OrderDetails entity, which is also allowed

by the 3NF. Customerld and OrderDate are both primary keys of the Customer and Order entities

respectively, which are also allowed by the 3NF.

Reference: 1: Guide to Business Data Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 442: Introduction to Business Data

Analytics: A Practitioner View, IIBA, 2019, p. 93: Database Normalization: The Definitive Guide,

Tableau, . : Database Normalization: The Definitive Guide, Tableau, . : Guide to Business Data

Analytics, IIBA, 2020, p. 44. : Introduction to Business Data Analytics: A Practitioner View, IIBA, 2019,

p. 9. : Database Normalization: The Definitive Guide, Tableau, . : Database Normalization: The

Definitive Guide, Tableau, .