The V-Model is a software development lifecycle model that graphically represents the relationship between each phase of development and its associated testing phase. The left side of the 'V' depicts the specification and design stages (verification activities), such as requirements analysis and system design. The right side depicts the testing stages (validation activities), such as system testing and acceptance testing. The model's core principle is to link each development phase directly to a corresponding testing phase, ensuring that testing is planned in parallel with development and that there is a clear correspondence between what is specified (verification) and what is tested (validation).

A. Modules are tested against their low-level design specifications during unit testing, not directly against high-level user requirements, which are validated during acceptance testing.

B. The V-Model represents the entire software development lifecycle, including both the development/verification phases (left side) and the testing/validation phases (right side).

C. The V-Model defines the levels of testing (e.g., unit, system) and their relationship to development phases, but it does not prescribe specific test techniques (e.g., boundary value analysis).

1. Sommerville, I. (2016). Software Engineering (10th ed.). Pearson. In Chapter 2, "Software Processes," Section 2.2.2, "The V-model," the text explains that the model shows the testing activities associated with each development stage, explicitly linking verification and validation.

2. Pohl, K. (2010). Requirements Engineering: Fundamentals, Principles, and Techniques. Springer. In Section 2.3.2, "The V-Modell," pp. 38-40, the model is described as linking development activities with corresponding quality assurance (testing) activities, thus illustrating the relationship between verification and validation.

3. Forsberg, K., & Mooz, H. (1991). "The V-model for system engineering". Proceedings of the First Annual International Symposium of the National Council on Systems Engineering (NCOSE). This foundational paper states, "The V-model provides a uniform, structured procedure for system development that integrates verification and validation into the process." (p. 1).