https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-730035_293#:~:text=Definition,and%20combine%20them%20to%20use.

It works by selecting different subsets of the data, or different combinations of the hypothesis, and

combining the results of each prediction in order to create a single, more accurate result. This is

useful in situations where different hypothesis may be accurate in different parts of the data, or

where a single hypothesis may not be accurate in all cases. Ensemble learning is used in a variety of

applications, from computer vision to natural language processing.

[1] BCS Foundation Certificate In Artificial Intelligence Study Guide, BCS [2] Apmg-

international.com,

"What

is

Ensemble

Learning?",

APMG

International, https://apmginternational.com/en/about-apmg/blog/what-is-ensemble-learning/ [3]

Exin.com,

"Ensemble

Learning", EXIN, https://www.exin.com/en-us/learn/ensemble-learning

Human-centric trustworthy Al must be continually assessed and monitored in order to ensure that it

is behaving in a safe and ethical manner. This includes conducting regular tests and audits to ensure

that the Al is functioning as intended, and is not taking any actions or decisions that could potentially

harm humans or their environment.

BCS Foundation Certificate In Artificial Intelligence

Study

Guide, https://bcs.org/ai/certificate/ and

APMG

International, https://www.apmginternational.com/qualifications/artificial-intelligence-foundation-certificate.

Prof David Chalmers describes the hard consciousness problem to be as complex as the universe. He

argues that understanding consciousness is as hard as understanding the universe itself, due to the

number of variables and dimensions involved. He has compared the complexity of the problem to

that of turbulence, quantum mechanics, and psychology, but believes that the problem of

consciousness is even more complex than all of these.

[1] https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/foundation-certificate-ai-syllabusv1.pdf [2] https://www.apmg-international.com/en/qualifications-and-certifications/bc-foundation-

certificate-in-artificial-intelligence/ [3] https://www.exin.com/en/certifications/bc-foundationcertificate-in-artificial-intelligence/ [4] David J. Chalmers, "The Hard Problem of Consciousness", in J.

Shear (ed.), Explaining Consciousness: The “Hard Problem”, MIT Press, 1997.

Professor David Chalmers described consciousness as having two questions: "What is it like to be

conscious?" and "Can machines be conscious?". The first question, "What is it like to be conscious?",

is an attempt to understand what it is like to experience the subjective aspects of consciousness,

such as feeling, emotion, and perception. The second question, "Can machines be conscious?", is an

attempt to understand whether or not machines can have the same kinds of subjective experiences

as humans. For more information, please see the BCS Foundation Certificate In Artificial Intelligence

Study Guide or the resources listed above.

Activation Functions

An activation function in a neural network defines how the weighted sum of the input is transformed

into an output from a node or nodes in a layer of the network.

https://machinelearningmastery.com/choose-an-activation-function-for-deeplearning/#:~:text=An%20activation%20function%20in%20a,a%20layer%20of%20the%20network.

An activation function is a mathematical function used in a neural network to determine the output

of a neuron. Activation functions are used to transform the inputs into an output signal and can

range from simple linear functions to complex non-linear functions. Activation functions are an

important part of neural networks and help the network learn patterns and generalize data. Types of

activation functions include sigmoid, ReLU, tanh, and softmax.

BCS Foundation

Certificate

In

Artificial

Intelligence

Study

Guide, https://bcs.org/certifications/foundationcertificates/artificial-intelligence/

The Principle of Autonomy from the ELL's ethics guidelines for Al states that Al systems should be

designed in a way that preserves human agency and responsibility. This means that Al systems

should be designed in a way that allows humans to remain in control of their decisions, and that the

Al system should not be able to act without human input or permission.

BCS Foundation

Certificate

In

Artificial

Intelligence

Study

Guide, https://bcs.org/ai/certificate/ and

APMG

International, https://www.apmg-international.com/qualifications/artificial-intelligence-foundationcertificate.

Reflex and Model-based Reflex are two types of Artificial Intelligent Agents. Artificial Intelligent

Agents are computer systems designed to act and think in a manner similar to humans, incorporating

elements of problem solving, decision-making, communication, and learning. Reflex agents are

reactive agents which act based on the current environment and conditions, while Model-based

Reflex agents use a model of the environment to make decisions.

BCS Foundation

Certificate

In

Artificial

Intelligence

Study

Guide, https://bcs.org/ai/certificate/ and

APMG

International, https://www.apmg-international.com/qualifications/artificial-intelligence-foundationcertificate.

One of the main advantages of a machine-based system is its ability to reliably and accurately

undertake monotonous and repetitive tasks. This is especially useful for tasks that require a high

level of accuracy and precision, such as data entry or analysis. Machine-based systems are also able

to process large amounts of data quickly, meaning that they are able to complete tasks more quickly

and efficiently than humans. Additionally, machine-based systems can be programmed to take

certain decisions and actions based on the input data, allowing them to automate certain processes

without the need for human intervention.

BCS Foundation Certificate In Artificial Intelligence Study Guide (2019), AI Systems, Chapter 8.

https://www.apmg-international.com/en/al-adoption/advantages-of-al/

Monotonous and repetitive tasks that require accuracy are best suited to machines. Machines are

able to accurately and quickly perform tasks that require little to no creativity, such as data entry or

image recognition. This is because machines are able to process large amounts of data quickly and

accurately, and are less likely to make mistakes than humans. Additionally, machines are able to

process large amounts of data without becoming bored or distracted, making them ideal for tasks

that require consistent accuracy. For more information, please see the BCS Foundation Certificate In

Artificial Intelligence Study Guide or the resources listed above.

Search results: BCS Foundation Certificate in Artificial Intelligence Study Guide, Chapter 4: Machine

Learning: https://www.bcs.org/category/19669

Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) are a method of estimating the

technology maturity of Critical Technology Elements (CTE) of a program during the acquisition

process.

https://acqnotes.com/acqnote/tasks/technology-readinesslevel#:~:text=Technology%20Development-

,Technology%20Readiness%20Level%20(TRL),program%20during%20the%20acquisition%20process.

TRL stands for Technology Readiness Level and is a measure of how close a technology is to being

ready for use in a real-world environment. TRL is used to assess the progress of research and

development of a technology, ranging from basic research (TRL 1) to fully operational (TRL 9). TRL is

used to help determine the level of completion of a technology and its potential success in a real-

world environment.

[1] https://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/foundation-certificate-ai-syllabusv1.pdf [2] https://www.apmg-international.com/en/qualifications-and-certifications/bc-foundation-

certificate-in-artificial-intelligence/ [3] https://www.exin.com/en/certifications/bc-foundationcertificate-in-artificial-intelligence/ [4] https://www.acq.osd.mil/rd/nii/trl.html

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