1. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 5321
"Simple Mail Transfer Protocol"
Section 5.1: This document
which obsoletes the earlier RFC 2821
defines the standard for SMTP. It states
"The MX mechanism provides a way to rank mail servers... A mail server with a lower preference number is said to be 'more preferred' or 'of higher priority'."
2. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) RFC 1035
"Domain Names - Implementation and Specification"
Section 3.3.9: This is the foundational document for DNS. In defining the MX record data format
it specifies a 16-bit integer for preference and states: "A 16 bit integer which specifies the preference given to this RR [Resource Record] among others at the same owner. Lower values are preferred."
3. University of California
Berkeley
EECS Courseware
"CS 168
Introduction to the Internet: Architecture and Protocols"
Lecture 16: Naming (DNS): Course materials for foundational networking classes at reputable universities consistently describe this behavior. Lecture notes explain that the MX record includes a preference field
and mailers must try the server with the lowest preference value first. This is a standard and fundamental concept of DNS operation for mail routing.