:

The Bash shell can be configured by various files that affect its behavior, such as setting environment

variables, aliases, functions, options, and prompts. Some of these files are global, meaning they

apply to all users of the system, and some are local, meaning they apply to individual users. The

global files are usually located in the /etc directory, while the local files are usually located in the

user’s home directory, which is denoted by the tilde (~) symbol1.

The local files that affect the Bash shell are:

~/.bash_profile: This file is executed when a user logs in to the system. It is used to set up the user’s

environment, such as the PATH, the default editor, the umask, and other variables. It can also run

commands that are needed only once per login session, such as ssh-agent or fortune. This file can

also source other files, such as ~/.bashrc, to inherit their settings12.

~/.bashrc: This file is executed when a user starts a new interactive shell, such as opening a terminal

window or running a script with the shebang #!/bin/bash. It is used to set up the user’s shell

p

, such as aliases, functions, options, and prompts. It can also source other files, such as

/etc/bashrc, to inherit their settings12.

~/.bash_logout: This file is executed when a user logs out of the system. It is used to perform any

cleanup tasks, such as clearing the screen, deleting temporary files, or printing a farewell message1.

The other files listed in the question are not valid Bash configuration files and do not affect the

behavior of the shell. Therefore, the correct answer is

B. ~/.bashrc and

E. ~/.bash_profile.

Reference: 1: Bash Shell Configuration Files - Land of Linux 2: Bash Startup Files - GNU Project

:

:

The top-level directory which contains the configuration files for CUPS is /etc/cups. CUPS stands for

Common UNIX Printing System, which is the printer and print job manager for Linux. The /etc/cups

directory contains several configuration files related to CUPS, such as cupsd.conf, which is the main

configuration file for the cupsd print server daemon, and printers.conf, which contains the definition

of the printers. The /etc/cups directory is part of the topic 108.4: Manage printers and printing,

which is one of the objectives of the LPI Linux Administrator - 102 exam12. Reference: 1: LPI Linux

Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1) 2: Exam 102 Objectives

The comparison operators for test that work on elements in the file system are -d and -f. The -d

operator tests if a given file name refers to a directory, and returns true if it does. The -f operator

tests if a given file name refers to a regular file, and returns true if it does. These operators are part

of the topic 105.3: Perform basic file management, which is one of the objectives of the LPI Linux

Administrator - 102 exam12. Reference: 1: LPI Linux Administrator - 102 (LPIC-1) 2: Exam 102

Objectives

The commands that can be used to change a user’s account aging information are:

usermod: this command can modify various user account properties, including the password

expiration date, the account expiration date, the minimum and maximum password age, the

password warning period, and the password inactivity period. To use this command, you need to

specify the option and the value for the property you want to change, followed by the username. For

example, to set the password expiration date for the user test to February 11, 2022, you can run:

usermod -e 2022-02-11 test

To view the current account aging information for a user, you can use the -l option with the usermod

command. For example, to view the information for the user test, you can run:

usermod -l test

passwd: this command can change the password of a user account, as well as some password aging

options. To use this command, you need to specify the username and the option for the property you

want to change. For example, to change the password of the user test, you can run:

passwd test

To set the maximum password age for the user test to 90 days, you can run:

passwd -x 90 test

To view the current password aging information for a user, you can use the -S option with the passwd

command. For example, to view the information for the user test, you can run:

passwd -S test

chage: this command can change the user password expiry and aging information, such as the

password expiration date, the account expiration date, the minimum and maximum password age,

the password warning period, and the password inactivity period. To use this command, you need to

specify the option and the value for the property you want to change, followed by the username. For

example, to set the account expiration date for the user test to February 11, 2022, you can run:

chage -E 2022-02-11 test

To view the current account aging information for a user, you can use the -l option with the chage

command. For example, to view the information for the user test, you can run:

chage -l test

The other options are incorrect because:

chattr: this command can change the file attributes on a Linux file system, such as making a file

immutable, append-only, or undeletable. It has nothing to do with user account aging information.

chsh: this command can change the login shell of a user account, such as bash, zsh, or ksh. It has

nothing to do with user account aging information.

Reference:

How to Manage User Password Expiration and Aging in Linux - Tecmint

Use the Chage Command in Linux

How to set user password expirations on Linux | Enable Sysadmin

How to change password and account expiry options on Linux using chage - Linux Tutorials - Learn

Linux Configuration

3 ways to change user password expiration date in Linux - howtouselinux

:

The sendmail command is a generic interface to various mail transfer agents (MTAs), such as

Sendmail, Postfix, Exim, Qmail, etc. The sendmail command is used to send emails from the

command line or from other programs that need to deliver emails. The sendmail command accepts

various flags and parameters to specify the sender, recipient, subject, body, and attachments of the

email. The sendmail command also reads the standard input for the email content if no file is

specified. The sendmail command is part of the sendmail package, which is the original and most

widely used MTA for Unix-like systems. However, other MTAs, such as Postfix and Exim, also provide

a sendmail command for compatibility reasons. The sendmail command provided by these MTAs

may have slightly different syntax and options, but they all support the basic functionality of sending

emails. Therefore, the statement that all MTAs, including Postfix and Exim, provide a sendmail

command is true123.

The other statements are false. The sendmail command does not need to be run periodically by the

cron daemon, as it is not a daemon itself, but a command-line tool. The sendmail command does not

print the MTA’s queue history, but rather sends the email to the MTA for delivery. The sendmail

command is not only available when the sendmail MTA is installed, but also when other MTAs that

provide a sendmail command are installed. Reference: 1: Linux Sendmail Command Help and

Examples - Computer Hope 2: Send Email in Linux from Command Line | DigitalOcean 3: 5 Ways To

Send Email from Linux Command Line - TecAdmin

The $? variable in bash is a special parameter that holds the exit status of the last command

executed in the current shell. The exit status is a numerical value that indicates whether the

command was successful (zero) or failed (non-zero). The echo command simply prints its arguments

to the standard output. Therefore, when the command echo $? outputs 1, it means that the previous

command failed with an exit status of 1. Reference:

[LPI Linux Essentials -