Free 1Z0-1127-25 Exam Questions – 2025 Updated

A: Text generation is a highly complex task that leverages some of the largest and most sophisticated models in AI, such as large language models (LLMs).

B: This statement is factually incorrect. Text is fundamentally composed of discrete, categorical units like words or sub-word tokens from a defined vocabulary.

D: While diffusion models gained prominence through image generation, they are a general class of generative models that have been successfully adapted for other data types, including audio, video, and text.

1. Austin, J., Johnson, D. D., Ho, J., Tarlow, D., & van den Berg, R. (2021). "Structured Denoising Diffusion Models in Discrete State-Spaces." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 34, 17981-17993. In the abstract, the authors state, "Denoising diffusion models have shown remarkable success in modeling continuous data... However, their formulation relies on a Gaussian noise assumption, which makes them inapplicable to discrete data such as text..."

2. Li, X., Li, J., et al. (2022). "Diffusion-LM Improves Controllable Text Generation." arXiv preprint arXiv:2205.14217. In the introduction (Section 1), the paper notes, "...applying diffusion models to discrete data such as text is not straightforward, as the standard Gaussian noise-based diffusion process is not well-defined for discrete variables." (DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.14217)

3. Gong, S., et al. (2023). "A Survey on Diffusion Models for Text Generation." arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.03846. Section 2, "Challenges," explicitly states, "The primary challenge in applying diffusion models to text generation lies in the discrete nature of text. Unlike images, which are represented by continuous pixel values, text consists of discrete tokens... The original diffusion models... are designed for continuous data and rely on adding Gaussian noise, which is not directly applicable to discrete data." (DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2308.03846)

A. Document Loaders are used to ingest data from various sources (e.g., PDFs, text files) into a usable format. They handle data input, not linguistic output generation.

B. Vector Stores are specialized databases that store and retrieve vector embeddings of text. They are crucial for finding relevant information but do not generate new text themselves.

C. LangChain Application is a general term for the entire system built using the framework; it is not a specific component responsible for generating language.

1. LangChain Official Documentation, "LLMs": The documentation explicitly states, "Large Language Models (LLMs) are a core component of LangChain. LangChain provides a standard interface for all LLMs... The most basic and common use case is simply calling it on some text." This section details how LLMs are the components that take text input and produce text output.

Source: LangChain Documentation, docs/modules/modelio/llms/.

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Documentation, "Build a RAG solution with OCI Generative AI, LangChain, and OCI OpenSearch": This official Oracle tutorial demonstrates a typical LangChain architecture. It clearly delineates the roles, showing that the OCI Generative AI service (which provides the LLM) is the component called at the end of the chain to "generate an answer" based on the retrieved context.

Source: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Blogs, "Build a RAG solution with OCI Generative AI, LangChain, and OCI OpenSearch," published November 20, 2023. Section: "Create a LangChain QA chain and generate an answer."

3. Stanford University, CS324 - Large Language Models, "Lecture 1: Introduction + Foundation Models": Course materials explain that the fundamental capability of an LLM is to predict the next token, which is the mechanism for generating sequences of text (linguistic output). LangChain is a framework that orchestrates calls to these models.

Source: Stanford University, CS324 Courseware, Lecture 1 Slides, "Core capability: next token prediction."

A. If the LLM already understands the topics, simpler methods like prompt engineering are often sufficient and more cost-effective for guiding its output style or format.

C. Accessing the latest data is the primary use case for Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which provides the model with up-to-date information at inference time, not fine-tuning.

D. Fine-tuning is a supervised learning process that explicitly requires a dataset of examples, which serve as instructions for how the model should behave. It cannot be done without them.

1. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Documentation: In the "Generative AI" service documentation, under "Custom models and fine-tuning," it states: "Fine-tuning is useful when you want the model to learn a new skill or a new style of answering... You need a large dataset of high-quality examples to fine-tune a model... If prompt engineering doesn't give you the results that you want, you can try fine-tuning a model." This directly supports the scenario where the model's performance is poor and a large dataset is available. (See OCI Documentation > AI and Machine Learning > Generative AI > Custom models and fine-tuning).

2. Stanford University Courseware: Stanford's CS324, "Large Language Models," lecture notes explain the trade-offs between in-context learning (prompting) and fine-tuning. It highlights that while in-context learning is data-efficient, its performance can be limited, and it is constrained by the context length of the model. Fine-tuning is presented as the solution for adapting the model's parameters when a larger dataset is available to achieve higher performance on a specific task. (See Stanford CS324, Winter 2023, Lecture 5: "Adaptation").

3. Academic Publication: Lialin, V., et al. (2023). "Which Prompts Work? A Systematic Study of Prompting Strategies in Large Language Models." This paper discusses the limitations of prompting, noting that performance can be sensitive to the examples provided. It implicitly supports the need for fine-tuning when the complexity or volume of required examples makes prompting impractical, stating that fine-tuning allows for more stable and robust task adaptation by modifying model weights. (Available via arXiv:2310.12223, Section 2.1 "Related Work").

A: While a JavaScript version exists, LangChain's primary implementation is in Python, and its purpose is specifically for building applications with LLMs, a subset of NLP.

C: LangChain is not a Java library. Text summarization is a possible application, but not the framework's core definition.

D: LangChain is not a Ruby library. Its main libraries are for Python and JavaScript/TypeScript.

1. Official LangChain Documentation: The introduction clearly states, "LangChain is a framework for developing applications powered by language models. It enables applications that... are context-aware... [and] reason... The main value props of the library are: Components... [and] Use-Case Specific Chains." The documentation is centered around its Python and JavaScript libraries.

Source: LangChain Authors. (2024). What is LangChain?. LangChain Python Documentation. Retrieved from https://python.langchain.com/v0.2/docs/introduction/

2. University Courseware: Stanford University's course on "Generative AI for Human-Computer Interaction and Engineering" discusses LangChain as a key tool for building applications on top of LLMs. Lecture materials describe it as a framework that "glues" together LLMs with other tools and data sources.

Source: Stanford University, HCI 547 / CS 347. (2023). Lecture 04: Building LLM-backed Web Apps. Retrieved from https://hci-547.github.io/lectures/04-building-llm-backed-web-apps.html

3. Academic Publication: A peer-reviewed paper on building LLM applications describes LangChain as follows: "LangChain is a popular open-source framework that simplifies the development of applications using LLMs. It provides a set of tools, components, and interfaces that enable developers to chain LLM outputs with external data sources..."

Source: Zamfirescu-Pereira, J., et al. (2023). Why Johnny Can't Prompt: How Non-AI Experts Try (and Fail) to Engineer LLM Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 353, Page 5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581388

A. This is incorrect. The primary purpose of StreamlitChatMessageHistory is to wrap Streamlit's session state, storing messages under the specified key.

B. This is incorrect. Streamlit's session state is ephemeral and exists only for the duration of a user's session. It is not persisted across server restarts or different user sessions.

C. This is incorrect. A fundamental feature of Streamlit's st.sessionstate is that it is isolated for each unique user session, ensuring that one user's chat history is not accessible to another.

1. LangChain Official Documentation: The documentation explicitly states that StreamlitChatMessageHistory is a "Chat message history that stores messages in Streamlit session state." This confirms its specific purpose and dependency on the Streamlit framework, invalidating the claim it can be used in "any" LLM application.

Source: LangChain Python Documentation, langchaincommunity.chatmessagehistories.streamlit.StreamlitChatMessageHistory.

2. Streamlit Official Documentation: The documentation on Session State clarifies its behavior, which underpins the functionality of StreamlitChatMessageHistory. It states, "Session State is a way to share variables between reruns, for each user session... Streamlit provides a dictionary-like object called st.sessionstate that is unique to each user session." This supports the correctness of options B and C.

Source: Streamlit Documentation, "Advanced features > Session State", Section: "Session State basics".

A. Templates are not limited to a single variable; they are frequently used to structure prompts with multiple dynamic inputs, such as a topic and a desired tone.

B. The primary purpose of a prompt template is to facilitate the use of variables to create dynamic and reusable prompts.

D. There is no minimum requirement for two variables; templates with zero (static prompt) or one variable are common and valid.

1. LangChain Official Documentation, "Prompt templates": The documentation explicitly states, "A prompt template can have no input variables, one input variable, or many input variables." It provides examples of templates with varying numbers of variables, demonstrating their flexibility. This directly supports the concept that any number of variables, including none, is permissible.

Source: LangChain Documentation, Section: Concepts -> Prompts -> Prompt templates.

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Documentation, "Generative AI - Prompt Engineering": While not using the exact term "string prompt template," the OCI documentation on prompt engineering emphasizes creating structured and adaptable prompts. The principles described align with using placeholders (variables) to inject context, which inherently supports a variable number of such placeholders depending on the complexity of the desired output.

Source: OCI Documentation, Service: Generative AI, Section: Prompt Engineering.

3. Vanderbilt University, "A Brief Introduction to Prompt Design": University courseware and guides on prompt engineering consistently describe the technique of creating a base template and then filling in "slots" or "variables." These guides illustrate templates with one, two, or more variables, and also discuss static prompts (zero variables), confirming that no specific number is required.

Source: Vanderbilt University, Data Science Institute, "A Brief Introduction to Prompt Design," Section on "Prompt Templates."

A. This is incorrect because memory must be read before execution to provide context to the model; it's not just a post-execution save operation.

B. Memory is accessed after user input is received to load relevant context for that specific input, not before.

D. The interaction is not continuous. It happens at discrete, well-defined points—primarily at the beginning and end of the chain's core execution.

1. LangChain Official Documentation, "Memory": The conceptual guide on memory explains its function within chains. It states, "When the chain/agent is called, it uses the memory to read and augment the user inputs... After the chain/agent has finished, it uses the memory to write the context of the current run..." This directly supports the two-step process of reading before execution and writing after.

Source: LangChain Python Documentation, Conceptual Guides, "Memory". Section: "How to use memory in a chain".

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, "Using LangChain with OCI Generative AI": The integration guides demonstrate how memory objects are passed to chains. The execution flow shown in examples implicitly follows this pattern: the ConversationChain first loads history to formulate the prompt and then saves the new turn.

Source: OCI Generative AI Documentation, "SDKs and CLI", "Using LangChain with OCI Generative AI". Document ID: E99043-18, Chapter on LangChain Integration.

A. This describes the standard operation of a non-RAG LLM, which relies solely on the static data it was trained on. RAG is specifically designed to overcome this limitation.

C. This describes data warehousing or archival, not a text generation process. The core purpose of RAG is to actively use retrieved data to inform generation.

D. This describes a standard search engine or information retrieval system, not a generative one. RAG synthesizes a new response, it does not simply return the retrieved text verbatim.

1. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Documentation. "OCI Generative AI." Oracle Help Center. "Retrieval augmented generation (RAG) is a pattern that helps you get the most accurate and up-to-date responses from a large language model (LLM) by giving the model access to your data. When you use a RAG with an LLM, you add your own data to the information that the model uses to answer questions and create responses." (Accessed under the "Retrieval Augmented Generation" section).

2. Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., et al. (2020). "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (NeurIPS 2020). Section 1, Paragraph 1 states, "We present Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), a general-purpose fine-tuning recipe where the parametric memory is a pre-trained seq2seq model and the non-parametric memory is a dense vector index of Wikipedia, accessed with a pre-trained neural retriever." DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2005.11401

3. Stanford University. (2023). "CS224N: NLP with Deep Learning | Winter 2023 | Lecture 16: Retrieval and Question Answering." Stanford University School of Engineering. The lecture describes RAG as a method to "retrieve relevant documents, then feed documents into a model to generate an answer," explicitly combining external retrieval with generation. (Accessed via Stanford's public course materials).

A. Full or adapter fine-tuning—not soft prompting—is recommended when you already possess large labeled, task-specific data.

B. Domain adaptation to new, unlabeled text is performed through continued pre-training, not soft prompting.

D. Continued pre-training uses an unlabeled corpus and updates all model weights; soft prompting does neither.

1. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, “Generative AI – Choose a Training Style: Soft Prompting,” section ‘Soft Prompting Overview’, para 1-3 (doc version 2024-05-02).

2. Oracle University Courseware, “OCI Generative AI: Model Customization,” Module 3, Slide 17 (“Soft Prompting keeps model weights frozen; only prompt vectors are learned”).

3. Lester, B., Al-Rfou, R., & Constant, N. (2021). “The Power of Scale for Parameter-Efficient Prompt Tuning,” Proc. EMNLP 2021 Findings, §2.2 (“Soft prompts add ≤0.1 % parameters; model weights remain fixed”). DOI:10.18653/v1/2021.findings-emnlp.63

4. Li, X. et al. (2022). “Prefix-Tuning: Optimizing Continuous Prompts for Generation,” ACL 2022, §3 (“A small prompt is trained; no task-specific fine-tuning of backbone”).

A. This describes full or "vanilla" fine-tuning, which is computationally expensive and what parameter-efficient methods like T-Few are designed to avoid.

B. Fine-tuning inherently involves updating weights to adapt the model. T-Few updates a small subset of parameters, it does not simply restructure the architecture without training.

D. T-Few is a parameter-efficient method designed to be cheaper and faster than full fine-tuning, so it decreases, not increases, training time and resource usage.

1. Liu, H., Tam, D., Muqeeth, M., Mohta, J., Huang, T., Bansal, M., & Raffel, C. (2022). "Few-Shot Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning is Better and Cheaper than In-Context Learning". Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS), 35. In Section 2.1, the paper states: "During fine-tuning, we only update the parameters of these learned vectors, keeping the pre-trained weights frozen."

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation. (2024). "Methods for Customizing Models". In the section on Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), it is stated: "PEFT is a method that fine-tunes only a small number of extra model parameters while keeping most of the pretrained LLM parameters frozen."

3. Stanford University. (Winter 2023). CS324: Large Language Models, Lecture 10: Adaptation and Personalization. Slide 23, under "Parameter-Efficient Adaptation," explains that the core motivation of these methods is to "only update a small number of parameters."

A. RAG models are designed to retrieve a set of multiple relevant documents, not just a single one, to provide a richer and more robust context for the generator.

C. The retriever component analyzes the entire input query to understand the full context and intent, ensuring the most relevant documents are found; it does not ignore parts of the query.

D. Modifying the input query is a separate technique known as query transformation or expansion; it is not the core function of the RAG-Sequence model's retrieval-generation process.

1. Lewis, P., Perez, E., Piktus, A., Petroni, F., Karpukhin, V., Goyal, N., Küttler, H., Lewis, M., Yih, W., Rocktäschel, T., Riedel, S., & Kiela, D. (2020). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33 (NeurIPS 2020). Section 2, "Models," describes the RAG-Sequence model: "This model uses the same retrieved document to generate the complete sequence." (The model actually retrieves a set of documents, treated as a single latent variable for the generation of the whole sequence).

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation. (2024). Overview of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG). OCI Generative AI service. The documentation states: "The RAG model takes the user prompt and searches a knowledge base for relevant information. The model then uses the information that it found to create a response to the user's prompt," which aligns with retrieving a set of documents for a given query.

3. Gao, Y., et al. (2023). Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Large Language Models: A Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2312.10997. Section 2.1, "Core Components of RAG," explains the standard "vanilla" RAG process where the retriever fetches a set of relevant documents based on the input query, which are then used by the LLM to generate the answer.

A. Language complexity is a feature of advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) for readability or semantic analysis, not a simple keyword evaluation method.

B. The number of images and videos is irrelevant for evaluating text content in a simple keyword-based search system.

D. Document length alone is not a primary evaluation criterion; it is often used as a normalization factor in more sophisticated ranking algorithms to avoid bias towards longer documents.

1. Oracle Text Reference, 23c: In the "Scoring" section, the documentation explains that the score of a document is often based on the number of times a query term appears in it. The SCORE operator in a CONTAINS query calculates relevance based on term frequency.

Source: Oracle Text Reference, 23c, Chapter 4: "The CONTAINS Operator", Section: "Scoring".

2. Manning, C. D., Raghavan, P., & Schütze, H. (2008). Introduction to Information Retrieval. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 6, "Scoring, term weighting and the vector space model," introduces term frequency (tf) as a foundational component for scoring. It states, "A simple choice is to use the raw count of a term in a document... as its weight."

Source: Chapter 6.2, "Term frequency and weighting", page 117.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511809071

3. MIT OpenCourseWare, 6.046J / 18.410J Introduction to Algorithms (Fall 2005). Lecture 17 on Information Retrieval discusses the vector space model, where documents are represented as vectors of term weights. The simplest weight is the term frequency (tf), which is the count of a term in a document.

Source: MIT OCW, 6.046J, Fall 2005, Lecture 17: "Information Retrieval", Section on "Vector Space Model".

A. Linear relationships; they simplify the modeling process

Vector embeddings capture complex, non-linear semantic relationships in a high-dimensional space, not simple linear ones. The process is computationally intensive, not simplified.

C. Hierarchical relationships; important for structuring database queries

While some semantic relationships can be hierarchical, vector databases capture a much broader spectrum of similarities. Their primary role for LLMs is context retrieval, not structuring traditional database queries.

D. Temporal relationships; necessary for predicting future linguistic trends

The core function is to represent meaning, not the passage of time. While embeddings can be adapted for time-series data, this is not their fundamental contribution to LLM accuracy.

1. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, "Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) in OCI Generative AI": "In the RAG model, the user's prompt is used to search a knowledge base for relevant information. The prompt is converted into a numerical representation called an embedding... The search results are then used to augment the user's prompt, which is then sent to the LLM. The knowledge base is typically a vector database that stores embeddings of the documents." This process relies on finding semantically similar content.

Source: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, Generative AI, "Overview of Retrieval Augmented Generation".

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, "OCI Search with OpenSearch - About vector database": "A vector database indexes and stores vector embeddings for fast retrieval and similarity search... Instead of searching for keywords, you can search for concepts. For example, a user query for 'cold weather jackets' might return results for 'winter coats' because their vector embeddings are similar." This directly highlights the focus on conceptual or semantic relationships.

Source: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, Search with OpenSearch, "About vector database".

3. Stanford University, CS224N: NLP with Deep Learning, Lecture 2 - "Word Vectors and Word Senses": This lecture explains that the goal of word vectors (embeddings) is to encode meaning, such that geometric relationships between vectors correspond to semantic or syntactic relationships between words. The lecture notes state, "We want to encode the similarity between words in the vectors." This similarity is semantic.

Source: Stanford University, CS224N Course Materials, Winter 2023, Lecture 2 Notes, Section 1 "Word2vec Introduction".

A. Training Large Language Models is a separate, resource-intensive process. LangChain is a framework for using pre-trained LLMs, not for training them from scratch.

C. Breaking down complex tasks into smaller, executable steps is the primary function of "Agents" and "Planners" within LangChain, which use an LLM's reasoning capabilities.

D. Combining multiple components (like retrievers, LLMs, and tools) into a sequence or pipeline is the purpose of "Chains" in LangChain.

1. LangChain Official Documentation: "A retriever is an interface that returns documents given an unstructured query. It is more general than a vector store. A retriever does not need to be able to store documents, only to return (or retrieve) them. Vector stores can be used as the backbone of a retriever."

Source: LangChain Documentation, "Retrievers" section. (Accessed from https://python.langchain.com/v0.2/docs/concepts/#retrievers)

2. Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Documentation/Blog: In the context of building RAG solutions with OCI Generative AI, the retriever's role is explicitly defined. "The retriever's job is to take the user's question and find the most relevant documents from the knowledge base (in this case, OCI OpenSearch). These documents provide the necessary context for the LLM."

Source: Oracle Blogs, "Build a RAG solution with OCI Generative AI, LangChain, and OCI OpenSearch," Section: "The LangChain RAG chain".

3. Academic Publication (Foundational Concept): The concept implemented by LangChain's retrievers originates from research on Retrieval-Augmented Generation. The retriever component is defined as a module that, given an input x, retrieves a set of relevant context documents z from a large corpus.

Source: Lewis, P., et al. (2020). "Retrieval-Augmented Generation for Knowledge-Intensive NLP Tasks." Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 33. Section 2: "Method," Paragraph 1. (Available via arXiv:2005.11401)

A. Selecting a random word from the entire vocabulary at each step describes uniform random sampling, which ignores the model's learned probability distribution.

B. Picking a word based on its position is not a decoding method; positional information is an input to the model, not the mechanism for selecting the output.

D. This describes stochastic sampling methods like temperature sampling or nucleus (top-p) sampling, which introduce randomness, contrary to the deterministic nature of greedy decoding.

1. Oracle Official Documentation: In the Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) Generative AI service, greedy decoding is achieved by setting the temperature parameter to 0. The documentation states, "A lower temperature means the model is more deterministic... A temperature of 0 makes the model completely deterministic." This forces the model to always pick the most likely token.

Source: Oracle Cloud Infrastructure Documentation, "Generative AI API Reference," GenerateTextDetails schema, temperature parameter description. (Accessed 2024).

2. University Courseware: Stanford University's course on Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning defines greedy decoding as the process of taking the argmax (the argument that gives the maximum value) at each step of the generation process. This means always choosing the word with the highest conditional probability.

Source: Stanford University, CS224N: NLP with Deep Learning, Winter 2023, Lecture 10: "Language Models and RNNs Part 2," Slide on "Decoding from a Language Model."